The  Burling  Vocational  Series 
B.  B.  Burling,  Editor. 


LEAF  SHOP  MANUAL 


r and  POWER 
WIRING 


BY 

BEVERLY  B.  BURLING,  S.B.  E.E, 


AND 

JAMES  H.  LAUERMAN 


One  of  a Series  of  Manuals  Covering  Trade  Subjects.  Compiled  Especially  for 
Technical  High,  Continuation,  and  Trade  Schools. 


Property  of 


The  Bruce  Publishing  Co. 
Milwaukee,  Wis. 


EL 


The  Burling  Vocational  Series 
B.  B.  Burling,  Editor. 


LOOSE  LEAF  SHOP  MANUAL 

LIGHT  and  POWER 
WIRING 


A Manual  for  Technical  High  Schools,  Trade  Schools  and  Evening  Classes  in 

Applied  Electricity 


BY 

BEVERLY  B.  BURLING,  S.B.  E.E., 

Industrial  Training  for  Men  and  Boys,  Milwaukee  Board  of  Education; 
Extension  Department,  University  of  Wisconsin; 

Past  Supervisor  of  Co-operative  Education. 

AND 


JAMES  H.  LAUERMAN 

Instructor  (Electrical  Trade  Work),  Boys’  Technical  High  School  of 

Milwaukee,  Wis. 


A 


The  Bruce  Publishing  Co., 
Milwaukee.  Wis. 


V 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS 


Title 

Table  of  Contents 

Electric  Symbols 

General  Instructions 

Job  L-  1 — Wire  Splicing. 

L-  2 — Soldering  with  Iron. 

L-  3 — Soldering  with  Torch. 

L-  4 — Taping  of  Splices. 

Open  Wiring 

L-  5 — Rules,  Methods,  Dead  Ending,  Use  of  S1 
Switches. 

L-  6 — Rules,  Use  of  D.  P.  S.  T.  Knife  Switches. 

L-  7 — Use  of  S2  Switches. 

L-  8 — Series  Circuit. 

L-  9,  10 — Parallel  Circuits. 

L-ll — Two  Point  Control,  Use  of  S3  Switches. 

L-12 — Entrance  Switch  and  Cut-out,  Open  Loop. 

L-13 — Two  Point  Control,  Use  of  S.  P.  D.  T.  Knife 
Switches. 

L-14 — Three  Point  Control,  Use  of  S3  and  S* 
Switches. 

L-15 — Closed  Loop  System  of  Wiring. 

L-16 — Use  of  D.  P.  D.  T.  Switch  in  place  of  S* 
Switch. 

L-17 — Use  of  D.  P.  D.  T.  Knife  Switches. 

L-18 — Four  Point  Control  System. 

L-19,  20 — Use  of  Knife  Switches  on  Three  Point 
Control  Systems. 

L-21 — Use  of  S4  Switches  in  place  of  S3  Switches. 

L-22 — Control  of  Upper  and  Lower  Hall  Lights. 

L-23 — Use  of  Combination  Knife  and  Snap 
Switches,  S3,  D.  P.  D.  T.,  S4,  S.  P.  D.  T. 

L-24 — Two  Point  Control  of  Three  Wire  System. 

L-25 — Use  of  Electrolier  Snap  Switches. 

L-26 — Use  of  S1  and  S3  Switches  in  Combination. 

L-27 — Carter  System  or  Live  Line  3 Way. 

L-28 — Use  of  S*  as  a Master  Switch. 

L-29 — Control  of  Two  Circuits  Individually  or 
Simultaneously.  Use  of  Sl  and  S3 
Switches. 

L-30 — Use  of  a Master  Switch  on  an  S’  System. 

L-31 — Use  of  a Master  Switch  to  Control  all  the 
Lights  in  a House. 

L-32 — Street  Car  Lighting  System.  Series  System 
with  Transfer  Switch. 

Concealed  Knob  and  Tube  Wiring,  Rules,  etc. 

L-33 — One  Ceiling  and  One  Bracket  Light,  Rules, 
Methods. 

L-34 — Ceiling  Light  Controlled  from  Two  Points, 
Base  Plug,  Rules. 

L-35 — Ceiling,  Two  Bracket  and  Base  Receptacle 
Outlets,  Use  of  S\  S’  and  S4  Switches. 

Wood  Molding,  Rules,  etc. 

L-36 — Construction  of  a Mitre  Box,  Mitering. 

L-37 — Wire  for  One  Ceiling,  One  Bracket  and  One 
Base  Receptacle. 

L-38 — Use  of  Two  and  Three-Wire  Molding,  Two 
Ceiling,  Two  Brackets  and  Base  Recep- 
tacle. 

Metal  Moldings,  Rules,  Etc. 

L-39 — Cutting,  Mitering  and  Bending. 

L-40 — Use  of  Metal  Molding  Fittings.  Wire  for 
One  Ceiling,  One  Base  Receptacle  and 
Three  Bracket  Outlets. 

L-41 — Ceiling  Circuits  Controlled  by  Pull  Chain 
Switches. 

L-42 — Complete  Metal  Molding  System  including, 
Ceiling,  Bracket  and  Base  Outlets. 
Methods  of  Supporting. 

Rigid  Conduit,  Rules,  Methods  of  Bending 

L-43 — Cutting,  Reaming,  Threading  and  Bending 
}4-in.  and  34-in.  Pipe. 

L-43-a — Conduit  Bending  90  degree  Bends. 

L-43-b — Conduit  Bending,  Offset,  Gooseneck, 
Compound  Quarter  Bend. 

L-44 — Wiring  Plan,  Routing  Plan  for  Ceiling  and 
Bracket  Outlets,  Concealed  Wiring, 
Rules,  Fittings. 


L-45 — Concealed  System.  Use  of  S2  Flush 
Switches.  Wire  for  Ceiling  and  Bracket 
Outlets. 

L-46 — Exposed  Conduit  System.  Use  of  S3  Snap 
Switches,  Fittings.  Wire  for  Ceiling, 
Bracket  and  Base  Receptacle  Outlets. 

L-47 — Concealed  System.  A Border  Lighting  Sys- 
tem on  Two  Circuits.  Rules. 

L-48 — Concealed  System,  Flush  Switches.  Wire  for 
Ceiling  and  Bracket  Outlets.  Bracket 
Lights  to  be  Controlled  by  an  Electro- 
lier Switch.  Rules. 

Flexible  Steel  Conduit,  Connectors,  Couplings,  Fittings, 
Rules 

L-49 — Use  of  Snap  Switches.  Wire  for  Two  Ceil- 
ing and  One  Bracket  Outlet. 

L-50 — Use  of  S3  Flush  Switches.  Wire  for  One 
Ceiling,  One  Bracket  and  One  Base  Re- 
ceptacle Outlet. 

L-51 — Wire  for  S1  and  S2  Flush  Switches  to  Con- 
trol Ceiling  and  Bracket  Lights. 

L-52 — Wire  for  Three  Ceiling  Outlets  Controlled 
by  an  Electrolier  Snap  Switch  also 
Bracket  and  Base  Receptacle  Outlets. 

Flexible  Steel  Armored  Cable,  Rules,  Fittings,  Boxes, 
Methods 

L-53 — Wire  for  Ceiling,  Bracket  and  Base  Outlets 
Using  Flush  Switches,  Rules. 

L-54 — Wire  for  Two  Ceiling,  One  Bracket  and 
Base  Outlets  Using  S1  and  S3  Switches, 
Rules. 

L-55 — Wire  for  Ceiling,  Bracket  and  Base  Outlets 
Using  S3  and  S4  Switches. 

L-56 — Wire  for  Four  Ceiling,  Two  Bracket  and 
One  Base  Outlet. 

Fixtures,  Wiring  and  Construction 

Service,  Meters  and  Meter  Loops,  Rules,  Methods,  etc. 

L-57 — Use  of  Terminal  Fittings,  Wire  for  Four 
Family  Apartment. 

L-58 — Use  of  Multiplex  Boxes,  Wire  for  Two- 
Wire  Service,  2-Wire  Meter. 

L-59 — Use  of  Multiplex  Boxes,  Wire  for  Three- 
Wire  Service,  Two  2-Wire  Meters. 

L-60 — Use  of  Multiplex  Boxes.  Wire  for  Three- 
Wire  Service,  Using  One  3-Wire  Meter. 

L-61 — Use  of  Multiplex  Boxes.  Wire  for  Three- 
Wire  Service.  One  2-Wire  and  One 
3-Wire  Meter. 

L-62 — Use  of  Multiplex  Boxes.  Wire  for  Three- 
Wire  Service  Using,  Two  3-Wire  Meters. 

L-63 — Use  of  Multiplex  Boxes.  Wire  for  Three- 
Wire  Service.  Using  One  3-Wire  D.  C. 
Meter. 

L-64 — Use  of  Demand  Meter.  Wire  for  Three- 
Wire  Service  Using  Two  Wright  De- 
mand Meters  and  One  3-Wire  Meter. 

L-6S — Use  of  Multiplex  Boxes.  Wire  for  Three 
Customers  Using  Two  2-Wire  and  One 
3-Wire  Meter. 

L-66 — Use  of  Compensator  Type  Square  D.  Switch 
Wire  for  Three-Wire  Service  and  2- 
Wire  Meter. 

L-67 — Use  of  Multiplex  Boxes.  Wire  for  Three- 
Phase  Service  and  One  3-Phase  Meter. 

Typical  Installations  for  Large  Apartment  Buildings 

1 —  Use  of  Two  and  Three-Wire  Meters  with 

Customer’s  Cabinet  in  the  Basement. 

2 —  Use  of  Two  and  Three-Wire  Meters  with 

Customer’s  Distribution  Cabinets  located 
in  respective  Apartments. 

Motor  Installations,  Rules,  Methods,  etc. 

L-68 — D.  C.  Compound  Motor  Wired  up  with 
Switch  and  Starting  Box. 

L-69 — A.  C.  Three-Phase  Motor  Using  Safety 
Starting  Switch. 

Typical  Floor  Plan  of  Residence 

Cellar,  First  and  Second  Floor. 

Resuscitation  from  Electric  Shock 

Useful  Data 


Copyright  1922.  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce,  Milwaukee.  Publishers 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


4 5.I.M 

STANDARD  SYMBOLS  FOR  WIRING  PLANS 

As  recommended  and  adopted  by  the  Association  of  Electragists,  International,  The  American  Institute  of  Archi- 
tects and  the  American  Institute  of  Electrical  Engineers,  and  approved  by  the  American  Engineering  Standards  Com- 
mittee on  March  6,  1924. 


P- 


r 


o 

® 

o#o 

© 

K> 

& 

.« 

i© 


i©2 

® 

0 

0 

I© 

a 

a 


s5 


Ceiling  outlet. 

Ceiling  outlet  (gas  and  electric). 

Ceiling  lamp  receptacle.  Specifications  to  de- 
scribe type  such  as  key,  keyless  or  pull  chain. 
Ceiling  outlet  for  extensions. 

Ceiling  fan  outlet. 

Pull  Switch. 

Drop  cord. 

Wall  bracket. 

Wall  bracket  (gas  and  electric). 

Wall  outlet  for  extensions. 

Wall  fan  outlet. 

Wall  lamp  receptacle.  Specifications  to  describe 
type  such  as  key,  keyless  or  pull  chain. 

Single  convenience  outlet. 

Double  convenience  outlet. 

Junction  box. 

Special  purpose  outlet.  Lighting,  heating  and 

power  as  described  in  specifications. 

Special  purpose  outlet.  Lighting,  heating  and 

power  as  described  in  specifications. 

Special  purpose  outlet.  Lighting,  heating  and 

power  as  described  in  specifications. 

Exit  light. 

Floor  outlet. 

Floor  elbow. 

Floor  tee. 

Local  switch — single  pole. 

Local  switch — double  pole. 

Local  switch — 3 way. 

Local  switch  4 way. 


SD 

Automatic  door  switch. 

s'1 

Key  push  button  switch. 

sl 

Electrolier  switch. 

sp 

Push  button  switch  and  pilot. 

s" 

Remote  control  push  button  switch. 

ED 

Tank  switch. 

o'1 

© 

Motor. 

% 

fMC] 

Motor  Controller. 

Lighting  panel. 

0 

s: 

vm 

Power  panel. 

flD 

a 

Heating  panel. 

Pull  box. 

5- 

a: 

Cable  supporting  box. 

an 

a 

Meter. 

tr 

Transformer. 

> 

Branch  circuit,  run  concealed  under  floor  above. 

0" 

Branch  circuit,  run  exposed. 

5 

— 

Branch  circuit,  run  concealed  under  floor. 

II 

lit 

II  II 

III  II 

II  II  II 

III  llll 
II  II  II  II 


00 
0 
O 

s 

to 

K1 

M 

© 

;© 

§ 

1 a 

m 


to 


K 

-a 

@ 

CD 

Esa 

M 

E3 


This  character  marked  on  top  circuits  indicates 
2 No.  14  conductors  in  J4- inch  conduit. 

Indicates  3 No.  14  conductors  in  )4-inch  conduit. 
Indicates  4 No.  14  conductors  in  ^i-inch  conduit 
unless  marked  inch. 

Indicates  5 No.  14  conductors  in  J^-inch  conduit. 

Indicates  6 No.  14  conductors  in  1-inch  conduit 
unless  marked  J^-inch. 

Indicates  7 No.  14  conductors  in  1-inch  conduit. 
Indicates  8 No.  14  conductors  in  1-inch  conduit. 

Note. — If  larger  conductors  than  number  14  are  used, 
use  the  same  symbols  and  mark  the  conductor  and  conduit 
size  on  the  run. 

Feeder  run  concealed  under  floor  above. 

Feeder  run  exposed. 

Feeder  run  concealed  under  floor. 

Pole  line. 

Push  Button. 

Buzzer. 

Bell. 

Annunciator. 

Interior  telephone. 

Public  telephone. 

Clock  (secondary). 

Clock  (master). 

Time  stamp. 

Electric  door  opener. 

Local  fire  alarm  gong. 

City  fire  alarm  station. 

Local  fire  alarm  station. 

Fire  alarm  central  station. 

Speaking  tube. 

Nurse’s  signal  plug. 

Maid’s  plug. 

Horn  outlet. 

District  messenger  call. 

Watchman  station. 

Watchman  central  station  detector. 

Public  telephone — PBX  switchboard. 

Interconnection  telephone  central  switchboard. 
Interconnection  cabinet. 

Telephone  cabinet. 

Telegraph  cabinet. 

Special  outlet  for  signal  system.  As  described  in 
specifications. 

Battery. 

Signal  wires  in  conduit.  Concealed  under  floor. 

Signal  wires  in  conduit.  Concealed  under  floor 
above. 


0 

w 

ijj 


Copyright  1922-1926,  B.  B.  Barling 
Bruce,  Milwaukee,  Publishers 


65071? 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


GENERAL  INSTRUCTIONS  FOR  SHOP  WORK 
Method  of  Procedure  After  Being  Assigned  to  a Job 

(a)  Upon  receiving  assignment  go  to  your  place  immediately  and  work  out  wiring  diagram. 

(b)  Have  wiring  diagram  checked  by  instructor  in  charge. 

(c)  Fill  out  order  blank  on  stock  room  for  material  necessary  for  the  job,  using  trade  names  and 
numbers,  and  after  instructor’s  O.K.,  obtain  same  from  stock  room. 

(d)  Put  up  the  work  according  to  specifications  in  as  quick  and  neat  a manner  as  possible. 

(e)  Have  problem  checked  by  same  instructor  who  checked  the  wiring  diagram. 

(f)  Fill  out  time  and  material  blank  on  the  specification  sheet,  giving  current  prices  on  all  ma- 
terials used  and  time  actually  consumed  in  the  installation. 

(g)  Take  down  all  work  before  starting  on  another  job. 

(h)  At  the  end  of  your  day’s  work  clean  up  your  place  of  work,  being  sure  to  turn  in  tool  and 
material  box  to  stock  room. 

Knowledge  of  Code  Rules,  speed  and  accuracy  are  essential  to  all  good  workmen.  Upon  these 
points  especially  will  you  be  graded  in  your  work. 

Instructor’s  Note:  The  instructor  is  expected  to  supplement  this  course  with  a discussion  of  trade  methods  and 
rules  prevailing  in  the  locality. 


Copyright  1922-1926,  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruee.  Milwaukee,  Publishers 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


JOB  L-l— WIRE  CLEANING  AND  SPLICING 

Material — No.  14  wire  for  splices. 

Wire — The  wire  used  for  Light  and  Power  Circuit  wiring  is  Brown  and  Sharp  (B  & S)  No.  14  or 
larger.  Different  insulations  are  used,  depending  upon  temperature,  moisture,  and  service  conditions. 
The  most  universally  used  insulation  is  a single  braid  rubber  covering  (R.  C.). 

National  Electrical  Code  1925-601b:  Must  not  be  of  a smaller  size  than  No.  14  B & S gage  except  as  allowed 
for  fixture  work  and  flexible  cords. 

Very  often  the  total  current  in  a circuit  is  much  less  than  that  allowed  for  a No.  14  wire,  but 
smaller  sized  wires  are  not  permitted  as  they  do  not  have  sufficient  mechanical  strength  to  insure 
them  against  breakage.  After  conductors  are  in  place,  shrinkage  of  timbers  and  settling  of  the  build- 
ing will  frequently  cause  a strain  on  the  wires.  If  the  wires  were  smaller  than  No.  14  they  would  not 
stand  this  strain  without  injury. 

In  fixture  work  where  the  wires  are  encased  in  tubing,  smaller  sized  wires  can  be  used  as  there 
is  no  strain  imposed  upon  them. 

Pendant  or  lamp  cord  should  always  be  exposed  and  hang  freely  in  the  air.  No  tensile  strain 
other  than  the  weight  of  a socket  and  shade  is  permitted. 

Skinning — Insulation,  where  not  too  heavy,  can  be  loosened  by  pressure  between  the  handles  of 
the  electrician’s  pliers.  If  the  insulation  is  too  heavy  it  can  be  either  pounded  or  cut  loose.  In  cut- 
ting the  insulation  care  should  be  exercised  to  avoid  scratching  or  cutting  the  wire.  Fig.  1 shows  the 
correct  and  incorrect  way  of  skinning  wires.  Where  the  wire  is  injured,  a break  is  likely  to  occur  when 
a stress  is  applied.  Skinning  pliers  are  available,  but  the  majority  of  tradesmen  use  other  methods. 


*3 


Incorrect  Method  Correct  Method 

Fig.  1. 

National  Electrical  Code  1925-61  lc:  Must  be  so  spliced  or  joined  as  to  be  both  mechanically  and  electrically 
secure  without  solder.  The  joints  must  then  be  soldered,  unless  made  with  some  form  of  approved  splicing  device, 
and  covered  with  an  insulation  equal  to  that  on  the  conductors. 

Splicing — After  skinning,  the  conductor  should  be  scraped  clean  so  as  to  insure  good  contact.  The 
splices  used  most  frequently  are  Short  Western  Union,  Rat  Tail,  and  Tap  or  Branch  splice.  The 
methods  of  making  these  splices  are  indicated  in  Fig.  2. 


Rot- toil  Splice 


t£nd  Turns-'' 

Short  Western  Union  Splice 


Method  sf  Joining 
Large  Cable 


Fig.  2. 

Copyright  1922-1926,  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce,  Milwaukee,  Publishers 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


Where  Used — The  Western  Union  splice  is  used  most  commonly  where  two  wires  are  to  be 
joined  in  a line. 

The  branch  splice,  as  the  name  indicates,  is  used  where  a branch  is  to  be  joined  to  a line. 

The  rat  tail  splice  is  used  to  join  wires  approaching  each  other  from  opposite  directions,  as  in  con- 
duit or  cable  wiring  where  the  splices  are  made  inside  of  a box  or  a pot  head. 

Problem 

Make  up  two  splices  each  of  Western  Union,  rat  tail  and  branch,  and  have  them  inspected  by  the 
instructor.  Skill  and  speed  can  only  come  through  practice.  In  all  of  the  following  problems  endeavor 
to  make  every  splice  up  to  standard.  Save  these  splices  for  Job  L-2. 

Questions 

1.  Outside  of  fixture  work  and  pendant  cords,  what  is  the  smallest  size  wire  allowable  in  light  and  power 

wiring?  Answer  

2.  How  are  wires  to  be  joined?  Answer 

3.  How  should  wires  be  prepared  before  soldering?  Answer  .. 

4.  What  does  B and  S stand  for?  Answer : .....' 

5.  Where  are  pendant  cords  used  in  a house?  Answer  


Copyright  1922-1926,  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce,  Milwaukee,  Publishers 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


JOB  L-2— SOLDERING  WITH  AN  IRON  (COPPER) 


Material — Wire  for  splices,  suitable  flux,  salamoniac,  soldering  iron  and  wire  solder. 

How  to  Solder — The  neck  on  the  Western  Union,  the  long  wrap  on  the  tap  splice,  and  the  entire 
end  of  rat  tail  splice  must  be  soldered  to  insure  against  loosening  of  the  contact  between  conductors. 
It  is  not  necessary  to  solder  the  turns  that  are  wound  close  together. 


When  soldering  with  an  iron,  place  a little  flux  on  the  neck  of  the  splice  and  heat.  Feed  the 
solder  into  the  turns  from  above  as  indicated  in  Fig.  3.  The  heat  of  the  iron  will  cause  the  solder  to 
flow  over  and  between  the  turns  of  the  splice. 


Shake  off  any  surplus  solder,  as  it  may  leave  sharp 
points  which  will  penetrate  the  tape  used  to  insulate 
the  joint. 

Problem — Solder  with  an  iron  at  least  one  of 
each  of  the  splices  made  in  Job  L-l.  Save  these 
splices  for  Job  L-4. 

Flux — Never  use  an  acid  flux  on  splices  of  cop- 
per wire,  for  it  causes  corrosion  of  the  copper  and 
weakens  the  splice.  Always  have  the  wires  bright 
and  clean  before  applying  flux.  A liquid  soldering 
flux  recommended  by  the  Underwriters  is  made 
as  follows : 

Saturated  solution  of  zinc  chloride.  .5  parts 

Alcohol 4 parts 

Glycerine 1 part 


The  Soldering  Iron  or  Soldering  Copper — Always  use  a soldering  iron  that  is  well  tinned.  To  tin, 
heat  the  iron  sufficiently  to  melt  solder  and  place  in  a can  of  powdered  salamoniac  or  rub  on  a sal- 
amoniac stick.  This  cleans  the  surface  of  the  copper.  Hold  a piece  of  solder  against  the  point.  If 
the  iron  has  been  well  cleaned  the  solder  will  flow  over  the  entire  surface.  The  iron  is  now  ready  for 
use.  Never  leave  an  iron  on  the  flame  until  it  becomes  red  hot,  for  this  will  burn  off  the  tinning  and 
oxidize  the  copper. 


Problem 


Retin  an  iron  as  described. 


Copyright  1922.  B.  R.  Burling 
Bruce.  Milwaukee,  Publishers 


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Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


JOB  L-3— SOLDERING  WITH  A TORCH. 

Materials — Wire  for  splices,  suitable  flux,  gasoline  blow  torch  and  wire  solder. 

Method — In  soldering  with  a blow  torch  the  insulation  of  the  conductors  is  nearly  always  ignited, 
causing  damage  to  the  insulation,  unless  the  wire  is  skinned  farther  back  from  the  joint.  The  insula- 
tion burns  with  a dense  black  smoke  and  blackens  everything  with  which  it  comes  in  contact.  The 
blackening  of  the  splice  prevents  the  free  running  of  the  solder  and  makes  soldering  difficult.  The 
small  alcohol  torch  gives  better  satisfaction  than  the  larger  gasoline  torch. 

The  gasoline  torch  is  not  generally  used  except  on  large  wire  where  the  iron  would  not  be  suffi- 
ciently large  to  heat  the  splice.  In  soldering  the  joints  of  splices  with  a torch  remember: 

1.  Avoid  a large  flame  and  the  burning  of  the  insulation. 

2.  Heat  the  splice  until  it  is  hot  enough  to  melt  the  solder.  Never  use  the  torch  flame  to  melt 
the  solder. 

3.  A cold  joint  cannot  be  properly  soldered  although  there  might  appear  to  be  more  than  enough 
solder  on  the  splice. 

4.  It  is  not  the  large  amount  of  solder  which  makes  a good  joint,  but  the  proper  placement  of  a 
small  amount. 

Problem 

Solder  at  least  one  of  each  of  the  different  splices. 

The  Care  of  a Gasoline  Blow  Torch 

Fill  the  torch  about  two-thirds  full  of  GOOD  gasoline.  This  will  leave  sufficient  air  space  and 
eliminate  frequent  pumping.  Be  sure  that  the  filler  plug  is  tight,  and  that  the  check  valve  in  the 
pump  does  not  permit  the  escape  of  air.  Common  soap  rubbed  on  the  threads  of  the  plug  will  help 
to  prevent  the  leakage  of  air.  A little  lubricating  oil  occasionally  rubbed  in  the  leather  washer  of  the 
pump  will  keep  it  in  good  working  order. 

When  starting  a torch  fill  the  drip  cup  full  of  gasoline  and  light.  Shield  the  flame  from  draft  so 
that  the  burning  of  gasoline  will  sufficiently  heat  the  burner  to  generate  gas.  If  raw  gasoline  shoots 
from  the  burner  or  the  torch  burns  with  a long  yellow  flame  it  indicates  that  the  burner  has  not  been 
sufficiently  heated  and  the  cup  must  again  be  filled  and  burned.  Handle  the  torch  carefully  and  do 
not  move  about  while  burning  the  gasoline  in  the  drip  cup  or  serious  accidents  may  result.  Do  not  try 
to  work  with  a leaky  torch. 

When  putting  out  the  torch  do  not  turn  the  needle  valve  too  tight,  as  it  will  cause  an  enlarge- 
ment of  the  opening  in  the  burner.  After  the  burner  is  shut  off  loosen  the  needle  valve  slightly.  Due 
to  unequal  contraction  of  burner  and  needle  point,  while  cooling,  the  valve  may  become  so  tightly 
closed  that  great  force  is  required  to  open  it. 


Copyright  1922.  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce,  Milwaukee.  Publishers 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


job  L-4— TAPING  OF  SPLICES 


Materials — Rubber  covered  wire  for  splice  or  splices  used  in  Job  L-2,  rubber  tape  and  friction  tape. 

National  Electrical  Code  1925-611c:  The  splice  must  be  covered  with  an  insulation  equal  to  that  on  the  con- 
ductors. 


Problem 


I — Tape  the  Western  Union  splice  as  follows: 

1.  Take  a piece  of  rubber  tape  about  two  inches  long. 

2.  Begin  at  bevel  marked  A,  Fig.  4,  on  sketch,  and  wrap  spirally  to  the  other  bevel  B.  Be 
sure  to  have  a rubber  insulation  equal  to  the  rubber  on  the  conductor.  Have  the  tape 
under  tension  while  wrapping  and  overlapping  each  turn  half  the  width  of  the  tape. 

3.  If  the  rubber  tape  does  not  adhere  well,  which  is  generally  the  case  when  the  tape  is  old 
or  of  inferior  grade,  apply  artificial  heat. 


A 


Friction  Tape 


Fig.  4. 


4.  Wrap  the  joint  tightly  with  two  layers  of  fric- 
tion tape.  Run  this  tape  well  back  over  the 
braid  of  the  wire. 


II — Tape  the  rat-tail  and  branch  splices,  using  the  same  general  method. 

Instructor’s  Note:  It  is  not  possible  to  cover  all  phases  of  wire  and  cable  splicing  and  taping  in  this  brief  text. 
It  is  expected  that  the  instructor  will  expand  this  and  any  other  topic  as  he  sees  fit. 


National  Electrical  Code  1925-602g:  For  conductor  sizes  No.  8 and  smaller  the  neutral  conductor  on  all  3-wire 
circuits  and  one  conductor  on  all  2-wire  circuits  shall  have  a continuous  identifying  marker  readily  distinguishing 
it  from  the  other  conductors.  For  rubber-covered  wire  the  identification  shall  consist  of  a white  or  natural  gray 
covering.  When  one  of  the  circuit  wires  is  to  be  grounded,  the  ground  connection  shall  be  made  to  this  identified 
wire. 

National  Electrical  Code  1925-611t:  When  one  of  the  circuit  wires  is  to  be  grounded,  the  circuit  shall  be  so  ar- 
ranged that  the  grounded  conductor  is  the  one  identified  as  prescribed  in  section  602e  of  this  code. 

The  identified  wire  is  shown  by  a broken  line. 


Copyright  1922-1926.  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce.  Milwaukee.  Publishers 


CL 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


OPEN  WIRING 

Job  L-5— SUPPORTING  CIRCUIT  WIRES 

One  light  controlled  by  a single  pole  snap  switch  (S1). 

Wire  as  shown  in  sketch,  Fig.  5,  taking  special  care  that  all  wires  are  drawn  tight.  Run  all  wires 
straight  and  parallel  with  the  edges  of  the  board  or  room.  Install  all  wires  before  putting  on  switches 
and  receptacles.  Solder  and  tape  all  splices.  Note  Figs.  5,  a,  b,  c,  d,  e,  f,  carefully. 


No. 

LIST  OF  MATERIALS 

COST 

Unit 

Total 

4 

Split  Knobs 

3 

Pair  Two  Wire  Cleats 

1 

Cleat  Receptacle 

1 

S1  Switch 

1 

4"  Porcelain  Tube 

6 

2"  No.  9 Screws 

1 

Switch  Base  or  Block 

Wire 

Screws  for  Switch  and  Receptacle 

TIME  REQUIRED 

TOTAL 

GRADES 

Time  

Workmanship 

Book  Record 

Average 


Copyright  1922-1926,  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce,  Milwaukee,  Publishers 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


Split  Knob 


nr- 

— rn 

c# 

m 

Cleqf 


Cleat  Assembled 


ir 

<4r<> 

/■■HK 

/ » 1 X 
/ 1 » \ 

a 1 
1 

[ 

J T 

i\  i> 

Knob . Moil  end  Leather  Head 

Fig.  5a. 


Cleat  Receptacle 

Fig.  5c. 


Cleats  qnd  Screws 
When  screws  are  used 
leather  heads' moy 
be  omitted 


Switch -block 

Fig.  5e. 


Noils  ond  Leather  Heads 
used  with  cleats- 


Fig.  5b. 


Single  Pole 
5nap  Switch 

Fig.  5d. 


Switch  mounted 
on  block 


Cut  or  break 
wire  close  to 
binding  screwy 


Method  of  fastening  wire  under  binding  screw. 

Fig.  5f. 


Copyright  1922-1926,  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce,  Milwaukee,  Publishers 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


OPEN  WIRING 

Rules  Regarding  the  Supporting  of  Circuit  Wires  National  Electrical  Code  1925-501a:  Supports  shall  be  com- 
posed of  approved  non-combustible,  non-absorptive  insulating  material,  free  from  checks,  rough  projections  or  sharp 
edges  which  might  injure  the  insulation  on  the  conductor.  If  the  supports  are  designed  to  grip  the  wires,  either 
screws  or  nails  may  be  used  to  fasten  the  supports  in  place,  but  nails  shall  be  long  enough  to  penetrate  the  wood- 
work not  less  than  one-half  the  depth  of  the  knob  and  fully  the  thickness  of  the  cleat.  Cushion  washers  shall 
be  used  with  nails. 

In  the  supporting  of  knobs  and  cleats  either  screws  or  nails  may  be  used,  although  there  are  cases 
in  which  only  screws  can  be  used.  If  knobs  or  cleats  are  to  be  fastened  to  a thin  piece  of  wood 
screws  must  be  used  because  nails  will  not  hold  the  insulators  securely  in  place.  When  screws  are 
used,  care  must  be  taken  not  to  draw  them  up  too  tightly  as  they  are  liable  to  crack  the  knob  or  cleat 
Knobs  and  cleats  that  have  been  in  place  for  some  time  frequently  break  and  lose  their  grip  on  the  con- 
ductor, because  of  the  expansion  caused  by  heat  or  swelling  of  the  wood  due  to  moisture. 

When  nails  are  used,  leather  washers  or  “leather  heads”  must  be  used  to  prevent  injury  to  the 
knobs  or  cleats.  See  Figs.  5a  and  5b.  These  leather  heads  are  usually  punched  from  scrap  leather 
and  run  very  uneven  in  thickness,  so  enough  washers  must  be  used  to  make  the  thickness  of  the  pro- 
tection at  least  one-eighth  of  an  inch.  Knobs  may  now  be  obtained  with  leather  heads  and  nails  as- 
sembled. 

Questions 

1.  How  are  wires  protected  when  crossing  water  or  gas  piping?  Answer  

2.  What  kind  of  knobs  are  used  for  wires  smaller  than  No.  8 B and  S?  Answer 

3.  How  should  knobs  and  cleats  be  fastened?  Answer  

4.  Where  nails  are  used,  how  is  the  porcelain  protected?  Answer  

5.  Why  is  it  so  necessary  to  prevent  moisture  from  coming  in  contact  with  the  wires?  Answer 

6.  Should  wires  be  strung  under  piping?  Why?  Answer  

7.  How  are  the  ends  of  a run  secured?  Answer 

8.  Is  friction  tape  sufficient  insulation  on  a splice?  Answer  

9.  State  the  rule  governing  the  insulation  to  be  used  on  a splice.  Answer  


Rules  Regarding  the  Supporting  of  Circuit  Wires  National  Electrical  Code  1925-611-91h  and  i:  Where  not  en- 
closed in  approved  conduit,  raceways  or  armored  cable  and  where  liable  to  come  in  contact  with  gas,  water  or 
other  metallic  piping  or  other  conducting  material,  must  be  separated  therefrom  by  some  continuous  and  firmly 
fixed  non-conductor  creating  a permanent  separation.  Must  not  come  nearer  than  two  (2)  inches  to  any  other 
electric  lighting,  power  or  signaling  wire,  not  enclosed  as  above,  without  being  permanently  separated  therefrom 
by  some  continuous  and  firmly  fixed  non-conductor.  The  non-conductor  used  as  a separation  must  be  in  addition 
to  the  regular  insulation  on  the  wires.  Where  tubes  are  used  they  must  be  securely  fastened  at  the  ends  to  prevent 
them  from  moving  along  the  wires. 

In  open  wiring  where  wires  cross  gas  or  water  pipe,  or  other  metallic  conductors,  they  must  be 
separated  therefrom  by  some  non-conducting  material.  Porcelain  tubes  are  generally  used.  These 
are  slipped  over  the  wires  and  fastened  securely  in  place.  These  may  be  held  in  position  by  placing  a 
split  knob  or  cleat  at  each  end  of  the  tube,  as  shown  by  Fig.  6,  or  by  taping  the  tube  securely  to  the 
wire,  as  shown  by  Fig.  7,  or  sometimes  to  the  pipe.  Sometimes  non-metallic  flexible  tubing  is  used 
where  not  exposed  to  moisture.  Where  wires  cross,  the  best  and  usual  method  of  separation  is  to 
place  a tube  on  one  of  the  wires.  This  tube  should  be  placed  on  the  wire  nearest  to  the  surface  wired 
over  and  held  in  position  as  illustrated  by  Fig.  7.  This  will  prevent  either  wire  from  coming  in  con- 
tact with  wall  or  ceiling.  Where  wires  are  two  inches  or  more  away  from  a pipe,  no  additional  insu- 
lation is  necessary,  although  it  is  better  to  put  a tube  on  the  wire  at  the  cross-over,  because  the  wire 
may  sag  or  become  loose  and  thus  come  directly  in  contact  with  the  pipe  if  no  other  insulation  is  pro- 
vided. 


Copyright  1922-1926,  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce,  Milwaukee.  Publishers 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling:  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


Split  Knobs; 


porcelain  tube  taped  to  wire  to  hold 

it  in  place. 


Water  Pipe 


Wires  Crossing 


Fig.  6. 


Fig.  7. 


National  Electrical  Code  1925-501g:  Must  be  so  installed  in  wet  places  that  an  air  space  will  be  left  between  con- 
ductors and  pipes  in  crossing,  and  the  former  must  be  run  in  such  a way  that  they  cannot  come  in  contact  with  the 
pipes  accidentally.  Wires  should  be  run  over,  rather  than  under  pipes  upon  which  moisture  is  likely  to  gather  or 
which,  by  leaking,  might  cause  trouble  on  the  circuit. 

Where  wires  cross  a water  pipe  or  other  conductor  in  wet  places,  a separation  of  at  least  2"  should 
also  be  provided.  If  it  is  impossible,  a porcelain  tube  should  be  placed  on  the  wire  and  the  wire  run 
over  rather  than  under  the  pipe  so  as  to  prevent  moisture  coming  in  contact  with  the  wires.  (See 
Fig.  6.)  If  it  is  absolutely  necessary  that  the  wires  run  under  the  pipe  a tube  should  be  placed  on 
the  wire  in  addition  to  the  2"  separation. 

National  Electrical  Code  1925-501-CS  Open  dry  places: — Must  not  be  deadened  at  a rosette,  socket  or  receptacle 
unless  last  support  is  within  12-inches  of  same. 

In  open  work  never  terminate  (deadend)  a wire  at  an  outlet  unless  there  is  a support  within  at 
least  12"  of  the  same.  This  is  to  relieve  the  rosette  or  socket  of  any  strain  which  may  be  on  the 
wires.  If  there  is  no  support  within  12"  of  the  rosette,  the  wires  may  be  continued  beyond  the  rosette 
and  deadended  at  a knob  or  cleat  in  the  manner  shown  by  Fig.  8. 


,Less  than  12”  _ 

' — — >■ 


Fig.  8. 


Copyright  1922-1926,  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce.  Milwaukee,  Publishers 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


Job  L-6— OPEN  WIRING 

One  light  controlled  by  double  pole  single  throw  (D.P.S.T.)  knife  switch. 


4— 4 

5 —  -Q» 


Ne. 

LIST  OF  MATERIALS 

COST 

Unit 

Total 

• 

TIME  REQUIRED 

TOTAL 

GRADES 


Time  

Workmanship 
Book  Record  , 
Average. . . 


Copyright  1922-1926,  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce,  Milwaukee,  Publishers 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


Additional  Rules  Governing  Open  Wiring 

National  Electrical  Code  1925-501 j:  Conductors  of  size  No.  8 B and  S gage  or  over  used  in  connection  with  solid 
knobs  must  be  securely  tied  thereto.  If  wires  are  used  in  tying  they  must  have  an  insulation  of  the  same  type  as 
the  conductors  they  confine. 

Insulators  for  the  supporting  of  wires  are  usually  made  of  porcelain.  As  we  are  now  dealing  only 
with  branch  circuits,  we  will  take  up  the  types  of  supports  used  on  wires  smaller  than  No.  8 B & S. 
In  the  support  of  these  smaller  wires  split-knobs  or  cleats  should  be  used.  The  tie-wire  method  of 
supporting  these  smaller  conductors  has  not  proved  satisfactory,  for  the  tie-wires  shear  off  the  con- 
ductors when  not  put  on  carefully  and  may  also  untwist  and  allow  the  conductors  to  fall  away  from 
their  support.  The  split  knobs  and  cleats  clamp  the  wires  securely  and  hold  them  in  place  permanently. 

National  Electrical  Code  1925-501k:  Open  dry  places: — Must  be  rigidly  supported  on  non-combustible,  non- 
absorptive  insulators,  which  will  separate  the  wires  from  each  other  and  from  the  surface  wired  over  in  accordance 
with  the  following  table: 

Voltage  Distance  from  Surface  Distance  between  Wires 

0 to  300  One-half  inch  Two  and  one-half  inches 

301  to  500  One  inch  Four  inches 

Rigid  support  requires  under  ordinary  conditions  where  wiring  along  flat  surfaces,  supports  at  least  every  four 
and  one-half  feet.  If  the  wires  are  liable  to  be  disturbed,  the  distance  between  supports  must  be  shortened. 

In  buildings  of  mill  construction,  mains  of  not  less  than  No.  8 B and  S gage,  where  not  liable  to  be  disturbed, 
may  be  separated  about  six  inches  and  run  from  timber  to  timber  not  breaking  around  and  may  be  supported  at 
each  timber  only. 

All  wires  on  systems  not  exceeding  300  volts  must  be  kept  at  least  one-half  inch  from  the  surface 
wired  over  and  be  separated  at  least  two  and  one-half  inches.  Wires  are  generally  supported  on  stand- 
ard knobs  or  two-wire  cleats,  which  are  now  manufactured  to  comply  with  above  specifications. 

In  running  wires  on  a straight  surface  they  must  be  supported  at  least  every  four  and  one-half 
feet,  but  if  there  is  a chance  of  the  wires  becoming  loose,  or  if  they  run  near  belts,  shafting,  etc.,  the 
supports  must  be  brought  closer  together.  In  mill  constructed  buildings  where  wires  smaller  than  No. 
8 are  used  they  must  break  around  the  timbers  as  shown  by  Fig.  9.  If  run  directly  from  timber  to 
timber,  small  wires  must  be  supported  on  run-boards,  as  illustrated  by  Fig.  10,  or  protected  by  guard 
strips  placed  on  each  side  of  the  wires. 


Small  wires  breaking  around  timbers 


Fig.  9. 


<Smoll  wires 

on  run  board 

Fig.  10. 


On  all  systems  of  over  300  volts  and  not  more  than  500  volts,  the  knobs  and  cleats  must  keep  the 
wires  at  least  1"  from  the  surface  wired  over  and  at  least  4"  apart.  Two-wire  cleats  cannot  be  used 
in  this  case,  but  one-wire  cleats  or  split  knobs.  Where  the  wire  is  larger  than  No.  8,  solid  knobs  must 
be  used  instead  of  split  knobs,  and  the  wires  secured  thereto  by  means  of  tie  wires. 

Questions  • 


1.  How  far  apart  should  the  supports  be  placed  in  the  ordinary  lighting  circuit?  Answer 


2.  How  far  apart  should  the  wires  be  placed  in  the  ordinary  lighting  circuit?  Answer 

3.  Is  it  permissible  .to  fasten  light  wires  to  the  wall  with  nails  or  staples?  Answ'er 

Why?  Answer  


4.  Is  it  allowable  to  lay  wires  in  plaster  or  cement?  Answer Why?  Answer 

5.  Note  the  position  of  the  D.  P.  S.  T.  knife  switch  in  Job  L-6.  Why  would  you  consider  this  connection  better 

than  if  the  switch  were  turned  around?  Answer 


Copyright  1922-1926.  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce,  Milwaukee,  Publishers 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling:  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


Job  L-7— OPEN  WIRING 

One  light  controlled  by  one  double  pole  (S’)  snap  switch. 


Questions 

1.  What  advantages  has  an  S’  switch  as  compared  with  the  S1?  Answer 

2.  What  lengths  of  nails  or  screws  are  permitted  with  knobs  or  cleats?  Answer 


No. 

LIST  OF  MATERIALS 

COST 

Unit 

Total 

TIME  REQUIRED 

TOTAL 

GRADES 


Time  

Workmanship 
Book  Record  , 
Average. . . 


Copyright  1922,  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce,  Milwaukee,  Publishers 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


Series  lighting  circuit. 


Job  L-8— OPEN  WIRING 

Two  lights  controlled  by  single  pole  (S')  snap  switch. 


© “0"  “C^)" 


Question 

1.  Where  is  sSch  a series  system  used? 


Answer 


No. 

LIST  OF  MATERIALS 

COST 

Unit 

Total 

TIME  REQUIRED 

TOTAL 

GRADES 


Time  

Workmanship 
Book  Record 
Average . . , 


Copyright  1922,  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce.  Milwaukee.  Publishers 


f 


* 


£ 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


Job  L-9— OPEN  WIRING 

Parallel  lighting  circuit.  Two  lights  controlled  by  single  pole  (S1)  snap  switch. 


o-  o 


Questions 

1.  Where  is  a parallel  lighting  system  used?  Answer  

2.  How  many  lights  are  permitted  on  a single  circuit?  Answer 

3.  What  wattage  is  permitted  on  a single  circuit?  Answer  


No. 

LIST  OF  MATERIALS 

COST 

Unit 

Total 

TIME  REQUIRED 

TOTAL 

GRADES 


Time  

Workmanship 
Book  Record 
Average. . . 


Copyright  1922,  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce,  Milwaukee,  Publishers 


- 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


Job  L-10— OPEN  WIRING 

Parallel  lighting  circuit.  Two  lights  are  each  controlled  by  a single  pole  (S1)  snap  switch. 


No. 

LIST  OF  MATERIALS 

COST 

Unit 

Total 

- 

TIME  REQUIRED 

TOTAL 

GRADES 


Time  

Workmanship 
Book  Record  . 
Average. . . 


Copyright  1922,  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce,  Milwaukee,  Publishers 


Q 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


Job  L-ll— OPEN  WIRING 

Light  controlled  from  two  points  using  three-way  (S')  snap  switches. 


S»  S» 

© O -0-  <> 


Question 

1.  Where  is  such  a system  used?  Answer 


No. 

LIST  OF  MATERIALS 

COST 

Unit 

Total 

TIME  REQUIRED 

TOTAL 

GRADES 


Time  

Workmanship 
Book  Record  . 
Average. . . 


Copyright  1922.  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce,  Milwaukee,  Publishers 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


Job  L-12— OPEN  WIRING 

Installation  of  entrance  cut-out  on  an  open  loop  system.  Each  light  individually  controlled  by  a 
single  pole  (S')  snap  switch. 


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Questions 

1.  What  is  an  open  loop  system  of  wiring?  Answer  

2.  Why  are  the  fuses  placed  as  they  are  on  the  entrance  switch?  Answer 


No. 

LIST  OF  MATERIALS 

COST 

Unit 

Total 

TIME  REQUIRED 

TOTAL 

GRADES 


Time  , 

Workmanship 
Book  Record  . 
Average. . , 


Copyright  1922,  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce.  Milwaukee,  Publisher 


Q 


c 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


Job  L-13— OPEN  WIRING 


Two  point  control  using  single  pole  double  throw  (S.P.D.T.)  knife  switches. 


(Use  split  knobs.) 


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Note:  Where  the  current  controlled  is  greater  than  the  law  would  allow  with  snap  switches,  knife  switches 
can  be  used. 


No. 

LIST  OF  MATERIALS 

COST 

Unit 

j Total 

TIME  REQUIRED 

TOTAL 

GRADES 


Time  

Workmanship 
Book  Record 
Average. . , 


Copyright  1922.  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce,  Milwaukee,  Publishers 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


Job  L-14— OPEN  WIRING 

Three  point  control  using  two  three-way  (S’)  snap  switches  and  one  four-way  (S4)  snap  switch. 


s*  s3 

© © -0-  -0- 


Question 

1.  Where  is  such  a system  used?  Answer 


No. 

LIST  OF  MATERIALS 

COST 

Unit 

Total 

TIME  REQUIRED 

TOTAL 

GRADES 


Time 


Workmanship 


Book  Record 
Average. . 


Copyright  1922,  B.  B,  Burling 
Bruce,  Milwaukee.  Publishers 


' 


. 


1 • < : : 


' 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


Job  L-15— OPEN  WIRING 

Installation  of  entrance  cut-out  on  a closed  loop  system.  Each  light  individually  controlled  by 
single  pole  (S1)  snap  switches. 


■0"  -O'  -0-  -0- 


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Question 

1.  What  is  a closed  loop  system?  Answer 


No. 

LIST  OF  MATERIALS 

COST 

Unit 

Total 

TIME  REQUIRED 

TOTAL 

GRADES 


Time  

Workmanship 
Book  Record 
Average. . . 


Copyright  1922,  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce,  Milwaukee,  Publishers 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


Job  L-16— OPEN  WIRING 

Three  point  control  using  two  three-way  (S’)  snap  switches,  and  one  double  pole  double  threw 
(D.P.D.T.)  knife  switch. 


m 

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Note:  This  problem  is  introduced  to  show  how 
an  S‘  snap  switch  on  Job  L-14. 


to  connect  a D.P.D.T.  switch  to  serve  the  same  purposes  as 


No. 

LIST  OF  MATERIALS 

COST 

Unit 

Total 

TIME  REQUIRED 

TOTAL 

GRADES 


Time  

Workmanship 
Book  Record 
Average. . , 


Copyright  1922,  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce,  Milwaukee.  Publishers 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


Job  L-17— OPEN  WIRING 

Two  point  control  using  two  double  pole  double  throw  (D.P.D.T.)  knife  switches.  Both  sides 
of  the  line  run  to  the  switches. 


s a 

s a 

■O'  "0"  ■O’ 


Question 

1.  What  advantage  has  such  a system  over  that  used  in  Job  L-13?  Answer 


No. 

LIST  OF  MATERIALS 

; COST 

Unit 

Total 

TIME  REQUIRED 

TOTAL 

GRADES 


Time  

Workmanship 
Book  Record 
Average. . . 


Copyright,  1922,  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce,  Milwaukee,  Publishers 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


Job  L-18— OPEN  WIRING 

Four  point  control  using-  two  three-way  (S“)  and  two  four-way  (S4)  snap  switches. 


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Questions 

1.  Where  is  such  a system  used?  Answer  

2.  In  a six  point  control  system,  how  many  S*  and  how  many  S3  switches  would  be  used?  Answer 


No. 

LIST  OP  MATERIALS 

COST 

Unit 

Total 

TIME  REQUIRED 

TOTAL 

GRADES 


Time  

Workmanship 


Book  Record 
Average. . 


Copyright  1922,  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce,  Milwaukee,  Publishers 


Burling  Vocational  Series 
Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


Job  L-19— OPEN  WIRING 

Three  point  control  using  two  single  pole  double  throw  (S.P.D.T.)  and  one  double  pole  double 
throw  (D.P.D.T.)  knife  switches. 


S 13  CjO—  j 


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No. 

LIST  OF  MATERIALS 

COST 

Unit 

Total 

TIME  REQUIRED 

TOTAL 

GRADES 


Time  

Workmanship 
Book  Record  . 
Average. . , 


Copyright  1922,  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce.  Milwaukee.  Publishers 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Mannal 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


Job  L-20— OPEN  WIRING 

Three  point  control  using  two  double  pole  double  throw  (D.P.D.T.)  and  one  four  pole  double 
throw  (4  P.D.T.)  knife  switches.  Both  sides  of  the  line  run  to  these  switches. 


■O'  ■0’  "O'  ■O'  -0- 


No. 

LIST  OF  MATERIALS 

COST 

Unit 

Total 

TIME  REQUIRED 

TOTAL 

GRADES 


Time  

Workmanship 
Book  Record 
Average . . , 


Copyright  1922,  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce.  Milwaukee.  Publishers 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


Job  L-21— OPEN  WIRING 

Two  point  control  using  two  four-way  (S4)  snap  switches. 


Note: 


In  case  of  emergency  S‘  switches  may  be  used  in  place  of  the  regular  S*  switches. 


No. 

LIST  OF  MATERIALS 

COST 

Unit 

Total 

TIME  REQUIRED 

TOTAL 

GRADES 


Time  

Workmanship 
Book  Record 
Average. . . 


Copyright  1922,  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce.  Milwaukee.  Publishers 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


Job  L-22— OPEN  WIRING 

Upper  and  lower  hall  lights  controlled  respectively  by  three-way  (S3)  switches  on  first  and  sec- 
ond floors. 


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oor 


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\ floor 

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Q 

z 

LIST  OF  MATERIALS 

COST 

Unit 

Total 

TIME  REQUIRED 

TOTAL 

GRADES 


Time  

Workmanship 
Book  Record 
Average. . , 


Copyright  1922,  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce,  Milwaukee.  Publishers 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


Job  L-23— OPEN  WIRING 

Four  point  control  using  one  S3  snap  switch,  one  D.P.D.T.  knife  switch,  one  S*  snap  switch,  and 
one  S.P.D.T.  knife  switch. 


■0-  "O'  ■0'  ■O' 


Note:  In  case  of  emergency  a D.P.D.T.  switch  may  be  used  in  place  of  an  S*  snap  switch  and  a S.P.D.T. 
switch  in  place  of  the  regular  S3  snap  switch. 


No. 

LIST  OF  MATERIALS 

COST 

Unit 

Total 

TIME  REQUIRED 

TOTAL 

GRADES 


Time  

Workmanship 
Book  Record  , 
Average. . , 


Copyright  1922,  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce,  Milwaukee.  Publishers 


. . 


. 


I 


.Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


Job  L-24— OPEN  WIRING 

Two  point  control  of  a three  wire  system  using  knife  switches. 


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"0"  "O’  O’  "0" 


No. 

LIST  OF  MATERIALS 

COST 

Unit 

Tota* 

TIME  REQUIRED 

TOTAL 

GRADES 


Time  

Workmanship 
Book  Record 
Average. . . 


Copyright  1922-1926.  B.  li.  Burling 
Bruce.  Milwaukee,  Publishers 


Leose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


Job  L-25— OPEN  WIRING 


Electrolier  lighting  system;  where  one  electrolier  (SE)  will  control  lights  on  one,  two  or  three 
circuits.  Show  internal  connections  of  the  switch  in  each  position  and  put  up  both  types:  1,  2,  3,  and 
1,  1 and  2,  1 and  2 and  3. 


Q Q Q Q 

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1 1*2  1,2*3  off 


Question 

1.  Where  are  electrolier  switches  used?  Answer 


No. 

LIST  OF  MATERIALS 

COST 

Unit 

Total 

TIME  REQUIRED 

TOTAL 

GRADES 


Time  

Workmanship 
Book  Record 
Average. . . 


Copyright  1922-1926,  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce,  Milwaukee,  Publishers 


"O'  "O'  "O' 


■ . 


■ 


■ 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


Job  L-26— OPEN  WIRING 

A lighting  system  for  photographic  developing  room  to  be  controlled  by  two  switches,  a single 
pole  (S1)  and  three-way  (Ss)  snap  switch.  The  operation  of  the  three-way  switch  is  to  throw  on  the 
red  or  white  light  as  desired. 


White 


No. 

LIST  OF  MATERIALS 

COST 

Unit 

Total 

• 

TIME  REQUIRED 

TOTAL 

GRADES 


Time  

Workmanship 


Book  Record 
Average. . 


Copyright  1922,  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce,  Milwaukee,  Publishers 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


Job  L-27— OPEN  WIRING 

This  problem  has  been  purposely  omitted  from  the  students’  manual,  inasmuch  as  this  system  does 
not  comply  with  the  present  National  Code  Rules. 

In  trade  classes,  this  problem  might  find  a place,  inasmuch  as  there  are  such  systems  still  in  use. 


Copyright  1922-1926,  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce,  Milwaukee.  Publishers 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


Job  L-28— OPEN  WIRING 

Standard  master  switch  control  using  a single  pole  (S1)  switch  for  the  master.  Individual  lights 
to  be  controlled  by  three-way  (Ss)  switches. 

A 
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Questions 

1.  Where  can  a master  switch  be  used  to  advantage  in  a residence?  Answer  

2.  What  is  the  object  of  its  use?  Answer  


No. 

LIST  OF  MATERIALS 

COST 

Unit 

Total 

TIME  REQUIRED 

TOTAL 

GRADES 


Time  

Workmanship 
Book  Record 
Average. . . 


Copyright  1922,  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce,  Milwaukee,  Publishers 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling;  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


Job  L-29— OPEN  WIRING 

Double  control  of  a circuit.  Lights  so  connected  by  means  of  two  single  pole  (S1)  and  one  double 
pole  (SJ)  switch  that  two  parts  of  the  circuit  may  be  controlled  separately  or  simultaneously. 


© -0-  -0-  -0- 

Qy 

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No. 

LIST  OF  MATERIALS 

COST 

Unit 

Total 

TIME  REQUIRED 

TOTAL 

GRADES 


Time  

Workmanship 
Book  Record 
Average. . . 


Copyright  1922-1926,  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce,  Milwaukee.  Publishers 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


Job  L-30— OPEN  WIRING 

Two  point  control  of  a circuit  with  the  addition  of  a single  pole  master  switch. 


o 

o 


Note:  The  use  of  a master  switch  in  connection  with  a stair  lighting  system  is  of  advantage  in  case  of  a night 
alarm. 


No. 

LIST  OF  MATERIALS 

COST 

Unit 

Total 

TIME  REQUIRED 

TOTAL 

GRADES 


Time 


Workmanship 


Book  Record 
Average. . 


Copyright  1922,  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce,  Milwaukee.  Publishers 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


Job  L-31— OPEN  WIRING 

Lighting  circuit  including  two  point  control  of  hall  light  with  the  addition  of  a master  control 
switch  (S‘)  which  can  light  all  the  lights  in  case  of  emergency. 


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Hall  Light  Q) 

o 

© 

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<> 

Note:  In  case  of  emergency,  it  is  not  only  desirable  but  necessary  to  be  able  to  flash  on  all  the  lights  in  a house 
by  one  master  switch. 


No. 

LIST  OF  MATERIALS 

COST 

Unit 

Total 

TIME  REQUIRED 

TOTAL 

GRADE9 


Time  

Workmanship 
Book  Record 
Average. . . 


Copyright  1922.  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce.  Milwaukee.  Publishers 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


Job  L-32— OPEN  WIRING 

Five  lamp  600  volt  series  street  car  lighting  circuit  controlled  by  one  single  pole  snap  switch.  A 
three-way  (S3)  switch  is  used  as  a transfer  switch  to  turn  on  head  light  and  platform  light  as  desired. 


Trolley 


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Platform  Light 


■O' 

Head  Light 


Note:  It  is  quite  customary  to  have  the  rear  platform  light  and  the  front  head  light  on  at  the  same  time.  The 
rear  head  light  and  the  front  platform  light  will  be  dark. 


No. 

LIST  OF  MATERIALS 

COST  i 

Unit 

Total 

TIME  REQUIRED 

TOTAL 

GRADE” 


Time  

Workmanship 
Book  Record 

Average. . . 


Copyright  1922,  B.  B.  Burling 

Bruce.  Milwaukee.  Publishers 


' 


' 


■ 


. 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


CONCEALED  KNOB  AND  TUBE  WIRING 


Knob  and  tube  wiring,  the  cheapest  of  all  methods,  is  still  extensively  used  in  smaller  cities.  Most 
of  the  larger  cities  now  prohibit  this  system.  It  has  its  disadvantages  from  a fire  standpoint  in  that  the 
wires  are  not  well  protected.  Tubes  may  break,  knobs  come  loose,  and  thus  allow  the  conductors  to  get 
out  of  place. 

Wiring  Plan:  The  term  “wiring  plan”  as  often  used  in  electrical  work  is  the  floor  plan  of  a building 
showing  the  location  of  light,  power  and  appliance  outlets  with  the  location  of  their  respective  control- 
ling devices. 

Routing  Plan:  A routing  plan  is  the  floor  plan  of  a building  showing  not  only  the  location  of  outlets 
but  also  the  complete  layout  of  the  actual  run  of  wires  between  said  outlets. 

Secure  the  latest  revision  of  the  National  Electrical  Code  and  note  any  modifications  or  changes 
in  the  rules  governing  the  subsequent  jobs. 

National  Electrical  Code  1925-502:  Concealed  Knob  and  Tube: — Must  be  rigidly  supported  on  non-combustible, 
non-absorptive  insulators  which  separate  the  wires  at  least  one  inch  from  the  surface  wired  over.  Should  prefer- 
ably be  run  singly  on  separate  timbers  or  studdings,  and  must  be  kept  at  least  five  inches  apart. 

Must  be  separated  from  contact  with  walls,  floor  timbers  and  partitions  through  which  they  may  pass  by  non- 
combustible, non-absorptive  insulating  tubes,  such  as  glass  or  porcelain.  Wires  passing  through  cross  timbers  in 
plastered  partitions  must  be  protected  by  an  additional  tube  extending  at  least  four  inches  above  the  timber. 


Rigid  supporting  requires  under  ordinary  conditions  where  wires  run  along  flat  surfaces,  supports  at  least 
every  four  and  one-half  feet.  If  the  wires  are  liable  to  be  disturbed  the  distance  between  supports  must  be 
shortened. 

At  distributing  centers,  meter  outlets,  switches  or  other  places,  where  space  is  limited  and  the  five  inch  separa- 
tion cannot  be  maintained,  each  wire  must  be  separately  incased  in  a continuous  length  of  approved  flexible  tubing. 


The  ordinary  cleat  used  for  small  wires  cannot  be  used  in  this  class  of  work  for  it  does  not  separate 
the  wires  one  inch  from  the  surface.  Split  knobs  should  be  used  and  the  wires  kept  at  least  five  inches 
apart,  as  shown  by  Fig.  13,  to  prevent  any  possibility  of  the  wires  touching  each  other.  It  is  better 
to  run  the  wires  on  separate  timbers,  as  illustrated  by  Fig.  11. 


lA/ires  on  separate  timbers' 


Fig.  11.  Fig.  12.  Fig.  13. 

Where  wires  pass  through  joists,  studdings  or  partitions  the  wires  must  be  insulated  with  porce- 
lain tubes.  A 3"  x 5/16”  tube  is  the  standard  in  ordinary  house  wiring.  This  allows  a y2"  projection 
on  each  side  of  2"x4”,  Fig.  12.  Where  wires  pass  through  plates  at  the  head  of  the  partition  an 
extra  tube  must  be  placed  on  the  wire  to  prevent  the  wet  mortar  coming  in  contact  with  wires  while 
plastering. 

Where  running  along  a flat  surface  the  wires  must  be  supported  at  least  every  four  and  one-half 
feet  and  if  there  is  any  possibility  of  the  wires  being  disturbed  the  supports  should  be  brought  closer 
together.  In  a place  where  a large  number  of  wires  are  brought  to  one  central  point,  as  at  a distribu- 
tion cabinet  or  meter  outlet,  the  five  inch  separation  cannot  be  maintained.  In  this  case  each  wire 
must  be  encased  in  an  approved  non-metallic  flexible  tubing.  This  insulation  must  be  in  one  piece  and 
not  in  short  lengths,  as  the  lengths  of  tubing  may  separate  and  leave  the  wire  unprotected. 


Copyright  1U22-1926,  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce,  Milwaukee,  Publishers 


■ •• 


' 


... 


■'  ' . 

. 


. 

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: 

. 


' < - 


' 


.. 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


Job  L-33— CONCEALED  KNOB  AND  TUBE  WIRING 


Wire  for  one  ceiling  and  one  bracket  outlet.  Ceiling  outlet  to  be  controlled  by  a single  pole  (S1) 
snap  switch. 

Routing  Plan 


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77 


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TZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZi 


No. 

LIST  OF  MATERIALS 

COST 

Unit 

Total 

TIME  REQUIRED 

TOTAL 

GRADES 


Time  

Workmanship 
Book  Record 
Average. . , 


Copyright  1922-1926,  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce.  Milwaukee.  Publisher* 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


National  Electrical  Code  1925-502h:  Must  at  all  outlets  except  where  conduit  is  used,  be  protected  by 

approved  flexible  tubing,  extending  in  continuous  lengths  from  the  last  porcelain  support  to  at  least  one  inch 
beyond  the  outlet.  In  the  case  of  combination  gas  and  electric  outlets,  the  tubes  on  the  wires  must  extend  at  least 
flush  with  the  outlet  ends  of  gas  caps,  and  if  box  or  plate  is  used,  gas  pipes  must  be  securely  fastened  into  outlet 
box  or  plate  to  secure  good  electrical  connection.  When  the  surface  at  any  outlet  is  broken,  it  must  be  repaired  so 
as  to  leave  no  holes  or  open  spaces  at  such  outlets. 

At  outlets  in  concealed  knob  and  tube  work,  each  wire  must  be  encased  in  non-metallic  flexible  tub- 
ing extending  from  the  last  support  to  at  least  1"  beyond  the  surface  (Fig.  14).  If  there  is  a gas  pipe 
at  the  outlet  the  flexible  tubing  must  extend  so  as  to  be  at  least  flush  with  gas  cap  (Fig.  15). 


At  a gas  outlet  the  tubing  may  be  tied  to  the  gas  pipe  so  as  to  be  held  securely  in  place.  All  open- 
ings at  outlets,  such  as  broken  plaster,  must  be  repaired  to  prevent  a flash  between  conductors  from 
igniting  combustible  material  in  a concealed  place.  It  is  suggested  that  approved  outlet  boxes  or 
plates  be  installed  at  all  outlets  in  concealed  knob  and  tube  work.  The  wires  should  be  protected  by 
approved  flexible  tubing,  which  extends  in  a continuous  length,  from  the  last  porcelain  support,  into 
the  box.  Metal  (loom)  bushings  are  used  in  such  wiring  installations  to  secure  the  tubing.  Two  types 
of  bushings  are  shown  in  Fig.  16,  one  with  $4",  and  the  other  with  Yz"  openings. 


Sharp  edge  which 

drips*'  loom'1 

^Groove,  to  fit 
in  opening 


N^l  Universal  Bushing 

for  s/&o pening s 


Groove-  to  fit 
in  opening 

Edge  which  grips'loonf 
N-  2.  Universal  Bushing 
for  open  in  gs 


^ Steel  outlet  box 
*^Bushing 


Na2.  Universal 
bushing  in  place 


Fig.  16. 


Copyright  1922-1926,  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce,  Milwaukee.  Publishers 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


Job  L-34— CONCEALED  KNOB  AND  TUBE  WIRING 

Wire  for  one  ceiling  outlet  controlled  from  two  points.  One  bracket  and  one  base  plug  outlet. 


No. 

LIST  OF  MATERIALS 

COST 

Unit 

Total 

TIME  REQUIRED 

TOTAL 

GRADES 


Time  

Workmanship 
Book  Record  , 
Average. . , 


Copyright  1922,  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce,  Milwaukee,  Publishers 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


Job  L-35— CONCEALED  KNOB  AND  TUBE  WIRING 


Wire  for  one  ceiling  outlet  controlled  from  three  points.  Two  bracket  outlets  each  controlled  by  a 
single  pole  flush  switch.  One  base  plug  outlet. 


Routing  Plan 


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No. 

LIST  OF  MATERIALS 

COST 

Unit 

Total 

TIME  REQUIRED 

TOTAL 

GRADES 


Time 


Workmanship 


Book  Record 
Average. , 


Copyright  1922,  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce,  Milwaukee,  Publishers 


- 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


WOOD  MOLDING 

Wood  molding  is  a cheap  method  of  surface  wiring  used  frequently  to  extend  a circuit  in  existing 
installations.  Its  use  is,  however,  limited  to  dry  places  and  is  not  permitted  in  elevator  shafts  or 
where  there  are  fumes.  Many  of  the  larger  cities  have  prohibited  its  use  entirely. 


Toggle- bolt 


Molding 


End  view  of 
Wood  Molding 


Protection  for 
molding  and  tubes 
where  circuit  passes  thru  floor. 


Porcelain  Tubes 


Fig.  17.  Fig.  18.  Fig.  19. 

National  Electrical  Code  1925-504a  and  b:  Must  never  be  placed  in  either  metal  or  wooden  raceways  in  damp 
locations;  must  never  be  placed  in  either  metal  or  wooden  raceways,  in  concealed  locations  or  where  the  difference 
of  potential  between  any  two  wires  in  the  same  system  is  over  300  volts. 

Wood  molding  should  not  be  placed  directly  against  brick  or  concrete  as  the  wall  is  likely  to  sweat 
and  thus  introduce  moisture  back  of  the  molding.  This  warps  the  molding  and  may  also  cause  a leak- 
age of  current  between  the  wires,  charring  the  wood  and  starting  a fire  which  would  not  be  discov- 
ered very  readily.  If  installed  on  brick  or  concrete,  backing  blocks  should  be  placed  between  molding 
and  wall  so  as  to  provide  an  air  space.  The  object  of  wood  molding  is  to  protect  the  wires  against 
mechanical  injury  and  to  conceal  the  wires  from  view.  The  molding  where  placed  against  plastered 
walls  should  be  fastened  with  lj4"  No.  8 flat  head  wood  screws.  When  placed  on  wooden  walls, 
nails  may  be  used.  On  brick  or  concrete,  the  wall  is  drilled  and  plugged  with  wood,  and  the  molding 
fastened  thereto  with  screws.  In  hollow  tile  construction,  the  toggle  bolt  shown  by  Fig.  17  may  be 
used.  The  capping  is  supported  by  small  nails  or  brads  carefully  driven  so  as  not  to  injure  the  wire 
insulation.  Nails  should  never  be  used  to  hold  the  wires  in  the  grooves  of  the  molding.  The  groove, 
as  is  shown  by  Fig.  18,  is  shaped  so  as  to  hold  the  wire.  If  circuits  are  to  be  run  through  floors,  run 
the  molding  to  within  4"  of  the  floor  and  continue  the  circuit  to  the  ceiling  below  in  porcelain  tubes. 
Protection  or  “kick  blocks”  must  be  provided  at  the  floor  to  protect  the  molding  from  moisture  and  in- 
jury. See  Fig.  19. 


At  turns  the  molding  and  capping  should  be  mitered,  as  shown  in  Fig.  20,  to  make  a neat  looking 
job.  Never  make  a splice  or  tap  in  wood  molding,  but  use  approved  fittings,  such  as  are  shown  in 
Figs.  21,  a,  b,  c,  d,  e,  f and  g. 


Wooden  molding  mitered  at  turn  Wood  Molding  Tfoplet 


Fig.  20. 


Fig.  21a. 


Copyright  1922-1926,  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce.  Milwaukee,  Publishers 


Fig.  21b. 


Loose  ueat  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


Fig.  21f.  Rotary  Surface  Snap  Switch.  Fig.  21g.  Sub-base  for  Snap  Switch. 


Job  L-36— WOOD  MOLDING 


Mitre  Box 

Make  a mitre  box  for  use  in  the  other  problems  in  wood  molding. 

(a)  Select  a straight  piece  of  2"x4"  and  cut  off  24". 

(b)  Nail  on  two  side  pieces  of  1"  x6"  lumber  as  shown  in  Fig.  22. 


Fig.  23. 


(c)  With  a square  mark  off  lines  aa  and  ab. 

(d)  In  the  same  manner  mark  off  c'  c"  and  d'  d"  in  the  relative  positions  indicated  on  Fig.  22. 

(e)  From  d'  and  c'  measure  off  as  indicated  distances  equal  to  d'  d"  and  c'  c"  respectively. 
These  points  are  marked  d and  c respectively. 

(f  ) With  a square  mark  off  dd,  d"  d",  cc  and  c"  c". 

(g)  Saw  down  the  lines  ddd"  d",  ccc"  c"  and  ab  ab.  The  cut  ab  ab  is  used  for  a “square” 
or  90°  cut.  The  cuts  ddd"  d"  and  ccc"  c"  are  used  for  45°  cuts.  See  Fig.  23. 

Job  L-36-a— WOOD  MOLDING 

Secure  some  short  lengths  of  two  wire  molding  and  make  a surface  90°  L,  an  exterior  90°  L an 
interior  90°  L,  and  a T mitre  joint.  Check  each  with  a square. 


Time  

Workmanship 
Book  Record 
Average . . . 


Copyright  1922-1926,  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce,  Milwaukee.  Publishers 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


Job  L-37— WOOD  MOLDING 

Wire  for  one  ceiling,  one  bracket,  and  one  base  receptacle  outlet.  Ceiling  outlet  to  be  controlled 
by  single  pole  (S1)  snap  switch. 


No. 

LIST  OF  MATERIALS 

COST 

Unit 

Total 

TIME  REQUIRED 

TOTAL 

GRADES 


Time 


Workmanship 
Book  Record  . 
Average. . , 


Copyright  1922,  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce,  Milwaukee,  Publishers 


d' 


a 


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Light  and  Power  Wiring 


Job  L-38— WOOD  MOLDING 

Wire  for  two  ceiling,  two  brackets  and  one  base  receptacle  outlet.  One  ceiling  outlet  to  be  con- 
trolled by  a single  pole  (S1)  snap  switch.  Other  ceiling  outlet  by  two  three-way  (S’)  snap  switches. 
Base  outlet  to  be  controlled  by  (S1)  switch  and  located  directly  below  one  of  the  brackets  and  above 
the  base  outlet. 


Routing  Plan 


No. 

LIST  OF  MATERIALS 

COST 

Unit 

Total 

TIME  REQUIRED 

TOTAL 

GRADES 


Time  

Workmanship 
Book  Record 
Average. . , 


Copyright  1922.  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce,  Milwaukee.  Publishers 


‘ 


Lioose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


METAL  MOLDING 

Metal  molding,  Fig.  24,  is  used  for  surface  wiring  to  extend  a circuit,  change  location  of  fixtures 
and  in  new  installations  in  old  buildings  where  the  wires  are  to  be  concealed  from  view,  and  appear- 
ance is  a factor. 


E 5 

Base 


t 


Capping 


Fig.  24. 


■ 

=7=1 

i. 

Base  and  Copping 


National  Electrical  Code  1925-504h  and  g:  (Metal  Raceways)  When  the  electrical  construction  is  being  carried 
out  in  metal  raceways,  permission  will  be  given  to  extend  these  raceways  through  walls  and  partitions  if  the  raceways 
are  in  continuous  lengths  where  passing  through  the  walls  and  partitions.  Not  more  than  four  No.  14  B and  S 
gage  rubber  covered  wires  and  no  single  circuit  of  more  than  1,320  watts  shall  be  used  in  metal  raceways. 

Must  for  alternating  current  systems,  if  in  metal  raceways  have  the  two  or  more  wires  of  a circuit  installed 
in  the  same  raceway. 

Metal  molding  as  made  by  the  National  Metal  Molding  Co.,  of  Pittsburgh,  Pa.,  consists  of  a chan- 
nel base  over  which  a channel  capping  is  snapped.  It  is  furnished  in  lengths  of  S'  A"  and  is  sheradized 
to  prevent  rusting.  On  account  of  its  mechanical  strength  and  the  small  space  it  occupies,  it  is  admir- 
ably adapted  for  show  window  and  show  case  installations. 


Metal  molding,  where  carried  through  walls  and  partitions,  must  be  in  one  piece.  When  carried 
through  floors  an  iron  pipe  extending  from  the  ceiling  below  to  at  least  5"  above  the  floor  should  be 
provided  to  insure  against  moisture  and  mechanical  injury.  Metal  molding  as  well  as  all  metallic  wire 
ducts  must  be  permanently  grounded  and  so  installed  as  to  form  good  electrical  contact  between 
adjacent  parts.  Where  the  installation  consists  of  several  parts  all  must  be  bonded  together  by  a good 
conductor  or  each  grounded  separately.  Suitable  fittings  are  manufactured  to  connect  adjacent  lengths, 
to  hold  capping  in  place,  and  to  provide  for  taps,  crosses  and  outlets.  Wire  splices  should  be  made  only 
where  fittings  are  provided. 


Cutting  with 
hack-saw 


Cutting  with  file. 
File  notch  deeply 
cmd  break 


Fig.  25. 


Fig.  26. 


Fig.  27. 


Copyright  1922-1926,  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce,  Milwaukee,  Publishers 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


Installing  an  Electrical  Circuit  usually  comprises  three  operations,  namely:  (1)  tapping  circuit 

at  some  point,  (2)  carrying  it  to  some  other  point,  (3)  installing  a device  at  the  new  location.  Before 
these  operations  can  be  properly  performed,  it  is  necessary  to  have  a general  idea  of  the  construction 
of  the  molding  which  is  to  be  used  and  of  the  methods  of  cutting,  bending  and  supporting  it. 

The  methods  of  cutting  are  shown  in  Figs.  25,  26,  27.  If  much  work  is  done,  the  shear  will 
quickly  pay  for  itself  by  the  time  it  saves.  With  file  or  shear,  base  and  capping  are  cut  separately ; 
with  a hack  saw  they  may  be  cut  together.  Use  a fine  tooth  hack  saw,  coarse  blades  will  crack. 


Punch 

Fig.  28. 


Where  molding  is  cut  it  is  usually  necessary  to  provide  key- 
hole slots  at  the  new  ends  and  to  punch  additional  supporting  holes. 
This  is  done  with  a specially  designed  tool.  Fig.  28. 

Metal  molding  can  be  mitered  for  elbows  by  cutting  with  a 
hack  saw,  Fig.  29.  These  mitered  elbows  have  the  advantages  of 
appearance  and  continuity. 


Base  Mitered 


Capping  Mitered 


\ t£3 

| Mitered  Elbow 

Assembled 


Fig.  29. 

Job  L-39— METAL  MOLDING 

1.  Obtain  some  short  pieces  of  used  metal  molding  (base  and  capping),  a fine  toothed  hack  saw. 
a three  or  four  cornered  file  and  a miter  box. 


Cut  and  miter  at  least  one  sample  for  inspection,  (a)  using  the  hack  saw  and  one  (b)  using  the 

three  or  four  cornered  file,  (a)  Time 


Bending  metal  molding 
with  the  aid  of  g guide. 


(b)  Time 

2.  Bend  a short  length  of  metal  molding,  with 
capping  in  place,  as  shown  in  30a  around  a 4" 

radius.  Time 

3.  Bend  a short  length  of  metal  molding,  with 
capping  in  place,  as  shown  in  30b  for  a 4"  offset. 

Time 


Fig.  30a. 


Fig.  30b. 


GRADES 


Time 


Workmanship 
Book  Record 
Average.  . . 


Copyright  1922-1926.  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce.  Milwaukee,  Publishers 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


Job  L-40— METAL  MOLDING 

Wire  for  one  ceiling,  one  base  receptacle  and  three  bracket  outlets.  Each  bracket  outlet  controlled 
by  an  S1  switch  placed  directly  below.  Ceiling  outlet  controlled  from  two  points. 


Routing  Plan 


No. 

LIST  OF  MATERIALS 

COST 

Unit 

Total 

TIME  REQUIRED 

TOTAL 

GRADES 


Time 


Workmanship 


Book  Record 
Average. . 


Copyright  1922,  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce,  Milwaukee,  Publishers 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


A method  of  holding 
base  and  capping 


Caution 

Do  not  ruthlessly  hammer  the  capping,  as  this  will  cause  it  to 
spread  and  not  grip  the  base.  When  the  capping  does  not  fit  se- 
curely use  straps,  Fig.  31. 

When  a receptacle  is  installed  at  the  end  of  a run  the  molding 
enters  the  base  from  one  side  only.  Fig.  35.  When  installed  in 
an  intermediate  position  the  molding  appears  to  enter  from  both 
sides,  although  in  reality  the  base  of  the  molding  is  continuous  and 
only  the  capping  is  cut.  Fig.  36.  When  the  addition  of  a recep- 


Method  of  using  9Qoqnd450Flat  Elbows, also  Internal  and  External  Elbows 

Fig.  32. 


Methods  of  using  Tee  Fittings 

Fig.  33. 


Methods  of  using  Crosses 

Fig.  34. 


Receptacle  on  a 
through  run 


Method  of  installing  receptacle 
at  end  of  run. 


Fig.  36. 


Fig.  35. 

Copyright  1922,  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce.  Milwaukee.  Publishers 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
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Light  and  Power  Wiring 


Job  L-41— METAL  MOLDING 

Wire  for  four  ceiling  outlets  controlled  by  pull  switches.  Each  switch  is  to  control  three  lights. 
This  system  may  be  used  as  general  lighting  in  a store. 


No. 

LIST  OF  MATERIALS 

COST 

Unit 

Total 

TIME  REQUIRED 

TOTAL 

GRADES 


Time  

Workmanship 
Book  Record 
Average. . , 


Copyright  1922-192G.  I',.  B.  Burling 
Bruce.  Milwaukee.  Publishers 


fj 


i 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
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Light  and  Power  Wiring 


Job  L-42— METAL  MOLDING 

Wire  for  one  ceiling,  two  bracket,  and  two  base  receptacle  outlets.  Ceiling  outlet  to  be  controlled 
from  two  points.  Each  base  receptacle  to  be  controlled  by  an  S1  snap  switch. 


Routing  Plan 


No. 

LIST  OF  MATERIALS 

COST 

Unit 

Total 

TIME  REQUIRED 

TOTAL 

GRADES 


Time 


Workmanship 


Book  Record 


Average, 


Copyright  1922,  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce.  Milwaukee,  Publishers 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


Common  methods  of  supporting  metal  molding  are  shown  below.  Figs.  37,  38,  39.  The  spring 
head  toggle  bolts,  E and  F,  Fig.  38,  cost  less  than  ordinary  toggle  bolts.  As  seen  in  the  sketch,  they 
are  also  easier  to  install.  The  spring  heads  of  these  bolts  can  be  easily  driven  through  the  support- 
ing holes  in  the  molding,  and  through  a 7/32"  or  Y\'  hole  in  the  tile  or  sheet  metal,  by  a slight  tap 
with  a hammer.  The  prongs  then  spring  out  and  prevent  the  head  from  being  withdrawn. 


jVWood  B-Bfick  or  Concrete  Q Plaster  on  Wood 

jS  Wood  Screw  li  Long  |xpan?lon  shield  is  driven.  Loth.  #SW -Screw  ik'Loiw 

inlo  j hole  1 deep  and  3 

tl*  #8  .screws  used 
as  for  wood 


Fig.  37. 


D--P1  aster  on  Metal 
Toggle  Bolts  g’orU 


E= Tile.,  with  or 

without  Plaster 
Spring-head  Toggle-bolts 
or  Ordinary  Togg le- bolt-3 
may  also  be  used- 
Fig.  38. 


Fs  Sheet  Metal 
Spring-head  Toggle-bolts 
or  Ordinary  Togg le- bolts 


Ground  wire  attached 
to  metal  molding 


Fig.  40. 


Fig.  39. 

Where  metal  molding  is  connected  to  an  existing  conduit,  or  armored  cable  system,  the  molding 
is  grounded  through  the  existing  system  without  special  effort.  Where  it  is  not  connected  in  this  way, 
a ground  wire  must  be  used.  The  convenient  way  of  connecting  a ground  wire  is  with  the  fitting 
shown  by  Fig.  40.  This  fitting  has  an  upturned  lip,  as  shown,  into  which  the  ground  wire  can  be 
soldered. 


Copyright  1922,  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce,  Milwaukee,  Publishers 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


RIGID  CONDUIT 

Rigid  iron  conduit  wiring  is  approved  for  both  exposed  and  concealed  work.  Some  cities  now  re- 
quire that  all  concealed  wiring  shall  be  in  rigid  conduit.  This  system  of  wiring  is  coming  into  use 
more  and  more  for  all  classes  of  work.  The  use  of  rigid  conduit  has  resulted  in  the  standardization 
of  various  accessories  and  fittings,  enabling  the  installation  of  a neat,  safe  job  without  much  trouble. 


We£(?W(f/re»j/ 
INSPECTED  f 
conduit 
/U»B0l?MOR\tS\ 


Rigid  Conduit 

Fig.  41. 


National  Electrical  Code  1925-503b:  No  conduit  small- 
er than  ^-inch  electrical  trade  size  shall  be  used. 

It  has  been  found  in  practice  that  two  No.  14  B 
and  S gage  wires  cannot  be  readily  drawn  through 
piping  smaller  than  ^2-inch. 


National  Electrical  Code  1925-503d:  All  elbows  or 
bends  must  be  so  made  that  the  conduit  will  not  be  in- 
jured. The  radius  of  the  curve  of  the  inner  edge  of  any 
elbow  not  to  be  less  than  3j4  inches.  Must  have  not  more 
than  the  equivalent  of  four  quarter  bends  from  outlet  to 
outlet,  the  bends  at  the  outlets  not  being  counted. 


All  conduit  should  be  marked  with  the  Underwriters’  stamp.  Fig.  41. 

When  bending  rigid  conduit  care  must  be  taken  not  to  injure  the  conduit.  If  too  short  a bend 
is  attempted  the  conduit  is  liable  to  flatten  or  open  at  the  seam.  There  are  many  devices  on  the  mar- 
ket for  bending  conduit,  but  the  great  disadvantage  of  these  devices  is  that  the  conduit  must  be  brought 
to  them  to  be  bent  and  much  valuable  time  is  lost.  They  can  be  used  to  advantage  only  on  large 
jobs  where  a large  number  of  bends  are  to  be  made  alike  and  all  can  be  made  at  one  time.  For  this 
reason  a very  simple  but  efficient  home-made  device  known  as  the  “hickey,”  Fig.  42,  can  be  made. 
This  is  made  of  an  ordinary  one  inch  pipe  and  T fitting.  There  are  also  commercial  forms  of  “hick- 
eys”  manufactured,  Fig.  42-a.  By  means  of  these  “hickeys”  the  conduit  may  be  bent  on  the  job  as 
required.  For  bending  the  large  size  conduits  a heavy  substantial  support  must  be  provided.  Such 
a device  is  shown.  Fig.  43. 


1"  Tee-* 

nJ 

TPipe 

Home-made'  hickev" 

h=A 

Fig.  42. 


JDevice  for  bending 

Large  size  conduit 


Fig.  42a. 


Fig.  43. 


In  all  conduit  work  it  must  be  remembered  that  the  conduit  is  to  protect  the  wire.  The  insu- 
lation on  the  wire  must  not  be  injured  by  coming  in  contact 
with  the  sharp  edges  of  the  conduit.  This  can  be  overcome  by 
reaming  the  ends  of  the  conduit.  A reamer  as  shown  by  Fig.  44 
can  be  used  with  a brace  for  all  sizes  of  pipe  up  to  and  includ- 
ing 1".  For  larger  conduits  a half  round  file  may  be  used. 


Reamer 


To  cut  conduit  use  a hack  saw  or  a cutter  which  leaves  a 
square  edge  on  the  pipe. 


Fig.  44. 


Copyright  1922-1926,  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce.  Milwaukee.  Publishers 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


Job  L-43— RIGID  CONDUIT 


(a)  Secure  some  pieces  of  scrap  y2”  and  Y\"  conduit  and  cut  off  with  a hacksaw  to  8"  lengths. 
Set  the  hacksaw  blade  so  that  it  will  cut  on  the  forward  stroke.  Do  not  try  to  make  it  cut  on  the 
return  stroke.  Use  the  reamer  after  cutting. 

(b)  Thread  the  8"  lengths  one  inch  back  from  each  end.  Use  “lard  oil”  or  some  cutting  com- 
pound. The  work  will  be  much  easier  and  the  cutter  will  last  much  longer. 

(c)  Secure  some  lengths  of  >4"  used  conduit  about  3'  long.  With  the  use  of  a “hickey”  bend 
to  conform  to  a chalk  mark  on  the  floor.  Fig.  45. 


Fig.  45. 


Time  required  to 


f cut  . . . 
-!  thread 
[bend  . . 


pipe. 


HOW  TO  BEND  PIPE 

Mark  off  on  the  conduit  as  many  inches  as  the  length  of  the  bend  is  to  be.  Set  “hickey”  about 
3J4"  from  mark,  as  shown  in  Fig.  45a,  and  proceed  to  bend  the  measured  end  up  until  an  angle  of 
about  45°  is  reached.  Next  check  the  bend  with  a rule  to  determine  whether  bend  is  going  to  be  long 
or  short.  If  too  long  move  the  “hickey”  further  from  mark  and  proceed  to  complete  the  bend.  If 
the  bend  is  going  to  be  short,  move  the  “hickey”  nearer  the  mark  before  completing  the  bend.  The 
different  steps  necessary  to  make  a 90°  bend  are  shown  by  Figs.  45b,  45c,  45d  and  45e. 


N?  1. 

Position  for 

Preliminary  ©end  Hickey- 

Marh  on  Conduit > 

I 'TT 


2 


Fig.  45a. 


^ Measured  End-* 
or 

Length  of  3end 


m z* 

Position  of  Hickey  After 
Preliminary  First  Bend 


Fig.  45b. 


m 5. 

Position  < f Hickey 


"When Bend  is  Finished 

[zzzz^  : 


Fig.  45e. 


Copyright  1922-1926,  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce,  Milwaukee,  Publishers 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


Job  L-43a— CONDUIT  BENDING 

When  the  measured  end  is  not  the  end  to  be  bent  up  the  method  of  procedure  is  somewhat  differ- 
ent. Instead  of  setting  the  “hickey”  about  ZyY'  from  the  mark  it  is  placed  right  at  the  mark.  If 
after  checking  the  bend,  it  is  found  that  the  measured  end  is  going  to  be  too  long,  the  “hickey”  is 
moved  nearer  the  measured  end,  and  if  too  short  the  “hickey”  is  moved  away  from  the  mark  and  the 
bend  is  completed  as  shown  in  Fig.  45f. 


Problem 

Secure  some  lengths  of  J4" 
used  conduit  about  4'  long. 
Measure  off  3'  for  end  on  the 
floor  as  indicated  in  Fig.  45f. 
With  the  use  of  a “hickey” 
bend  a 90°  or  right  angle  el- 
bow. 


Time 


Workmanship 


Book  Record 


Average 


Job  L-43-b— CONDUIT  BENDING 


Make  all  of  the  bends  as  shown  below  and  have  the  same  conform  as  near  as  possible  to  the  given 
dimensions. 

No.  1.  8"  offset. 


Time  required 


No.  2. 


Bend  around  a 10'  beam. 


(Make  the  bends  at  A and  B first  and  then  the  two  at  C and  D.) 


No.  3.  Bend  around  a 2"  pipe.  (Begin  at  A,  making  this  bend  first,  and  then  finish  by  making 
the  bends  at  B and  C.) 


Time  required 


Copyright  1922,  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce.  Milwaukee.  Publishers 


Loose  Leal'  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


No.  4.  Goose  Neck.  Bend  the  round  part  first  and  then  finish  by  bending  at  A. 


No.  6.  Compound  quarter  bend  (right).  (Bend  the  8"  length 
first,  then  the  14"  and  finish  with  the  other  8"  length.) 


Time  required 


8“-H 


D 


T 

C\2 

i 


No.  7.  Compound  quarter  bend  (left).  (Proceed  as  with  No.  6.) 


Time  required 


GRADES 


Time 

Workmanship 
Book  Record 
Average . . . 


Copyright  1922,  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce,  Milwaukee,  Publisher* 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


Job  L-44— RIGID  CONDUIT 


Wire  for  one  ceiling  and  one  bracket  outlet.  Ceiling  outlet  to  be  controlled  by  a single  pole  (S1) 
flush  switch.  (Concealed  work.) 


'^zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz, 


c 

I < 

cu 

bD 

c 

• H 
4-» 

3 

o 

K 


n 


s‘ 


m 


l 


<2zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzf  VZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZd 


No. 

LIST  OF  MATERIALS 

COST 

Unit 

Total 

TIME  REQUIRED 

TOTAL 

GRADES 

Time  

Workmanship  

Book  Record 

Average 


Copyright  1922-1926,  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce,  Milwaukee,  Publishers 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  aud  Power  Wiring 


National  Electrical  Code  1925-503e:  Must  be  continuous  from  outlet  to  outlet  or  to  junction  boxes  or  cabinets, 
and  the  conduit  must  properly  enter  and  be  secured  to  all  fittings  and  the  entire  system  must  be  mechanically  se- 
cured in  position. 

In  case  of  service  connections  and  main  runs,  this  involves  running  each  conduit  continuously  into  a main  cut- 
out cabinet  or  gutter  surrounding  the  panel  board,  as  the  case  may  be. 

For  surface  extensions  from  existing  outlets  in  concealed  conduit  work,  an  outlet  box,  extension  ring,  or 
blank  cover  must  be  mounted  over  the  original  box  and  electrically  and  mechanically  secured  to  it.  Conduit,  ar- 
mored cable,  metal  raceways  or  wires  must  be  brought  through  suitable  openings  in  extension  box,  ring  or  blank 
cover. 

The  piping  must  run  continuous  from  outlet  to  outlet  in  order  that  the  wires  may  be  easily  drawn 
in  after  the  conduit  system  is  completed  and  also  that  they  may  be  withdrawn  from  it  at  any  time  with- 
out injury  to  them.  It  also  insures  that  the  wires  are  protected  throughout  their  entire  length. 

National  Electrical  Code  1925-503g:  Metal  conduits  where  they  enter  junction  boxes  and  at  all  other  outlets, 

etc.,  must  be  provided  with  approved  bushings  or  fastening  plates  fitted  so  as  to  protect  wires  from  abrasion, 
except  when  such  protection  is  obtained  by  the  use  of  approved  nipples,  properly  fitted  in  boxes  or  devices. 

® Every  run  of  conduit  must  terminate  at  an  accessible 

steel  outlet  box  or  plate  with  a locknut  and  a bushing, 
shown  by  Fig.  46,  which  have  a conductive  coating  to 
secure  better  electrical  contact  throughout  the  system. 
The  bushings  prevent  the  insulation  of  the  wires  being 
injured. 


Lock-nut  Bushing 

Fig.  46. 

National  Electrical  Code  1925-503e:  Must  be  first  installed  as  a complete  conduit  system,  without  the  con- 
ductors. 

The  conduit  system  should  first  be  installed  complete  and  then  the  conductors  drawn  in.  This  is 
to  prevent  injury  to  wires  while  bending  conduit  and  also  to  prevent  wires  being  so  installed  that  they 
cannot  be  readily  withdrawn  at  any  time. 

Must  be  equipped  at  every  outlet  with  an  approved  outlet  box  or  plate.  In  complete  installations  the  box  or 
plate  must  be  covered  by  an  approved  cover  or  fixture  canopy.  At  exposed  ends  of  conduit  (but  not  at  fixture  out- 
lets) where  wires  pass  from  the  conduit  system  without  splice,  joint  or  tap,  an  approved  fitting  having  separately 
bushed  holes  for  each  conductor  must  be  used. 

Outlet  plates  must  not  be  used  where  it  is  practicable  to  install  outlet  boxes.  For  concealed  work  in  walls 
and  ceilings  composed  of  plaster  or  wooden  joist  or  stud  construction,  outlet  box  or  plates  and  also  cutout  cabinets 
must  be  so  installed  that  the  front  edge  will  not  be  more  than  y^-mch  back  of  finished  surface  of  the  plaster,  and  if 
the  surface  is  broken  or  incomplete  it  shall  be  repaired  so  that  it  will  not  show  any  gap  or  open  space  around  the 
edges  of  the  outlet  box  or  plate  or  of  the  cutout  cabinet.  On  wooden  walls  or  ceilings,  outlet  boxes  or  plates  and 
cutout  cabinets  must  be  so  installed  that  the  front  edge  will  be  either  flush  with  the  finished  surface  or  project 
therefrom.  This  will  not  apply  to  concealed  work  in  walls  or  ceilings  composed  of  concrete,  tile  or  other  non- 
combustible material. 

In  buildings  already  constructed  where  the  conditions  are  such  that  neither  outlet  box  nor  plate  can  be  installed 
these  appliances  may  be  omitted,  providing  the  conduit  ends  are  bushed  and  secured. 


Copyright  1922-1926,  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce.  Milwaukee,  Publishers 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


Single,  box  for 
switch  or  receptacle. 


Single  s pacer  to 
make  gout}  boxes 


Single  box  for  Ganq  _£>  Q.jl 


use  in  shallow 
wol/s 


Fig.  47. 

Steel  outlet  boxes  and  plates,  a number  of  which  are  shown  in  Fig.  47,  should  be  installed  for  sev- 
eral reasons.  First,  to  provide  a continuous  metallic  protection  for  the  wire ; second,  to  provide  a sup- 
port for  the  fixture ; third,  to  provide  a continuous  electrical  path  for  grounding  the  conduit  system. 

Outlet  boxes  should  be  used  in  preference  to  plates  because  they  give  more  space  in  which  to 
make  splices  and  taps.  Boxes  must  be  installed  at  switch  outlets  and  where  receptacles  are  to  be  used. 
The  plates  may  be  used  where  fixtures  with  canopies  are  going  to  be  installed.  The  canopy  provides 
a space  for  splices  and  taps.  At  drop  cord  outlets  a box  with  cover  and  bushed  openings  should  be 
used. 


Copyright  1922,  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce,  Milwaukee,  Publishers 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


Job  L-45— RIGID  CONDUIT 

Wire  for  two  ceiling  and  two  bracket  outlets.  Each  ceiling  outlet  to  be  controlled  by  a double  pole 
(S1)  flush  switch.  (Concealed  system.) 


No. 

LIST  OF  MATERIALS 

COST 

Unit 

Total 

TIME  REQUIRED 

TOTAL 

GRADES 


Time  

Workmanship 
Book  Record 
Average. . , 


Copyright  1922,  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce.  Milwaukee.  Publishers 


. 


' 


■ 


' ■ 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


Job  L-46— RIGID  CONDUIT 

Wire  for  one  ceiling,  one  bracket,  and  one  base  receptacle  outlet.  Ceiling  outlet  to  be  controlled 
from  two  points  using  three-way  snap  switches.  ( Exposed  conduit  system.) 


No. 

LIST  OF  MATERIALS 

COST 

Unit 

Total 

TIME  REQUIRED 

1 

TOTAL 

GRADES 


Time  

Workmanship  

Book  Record  

Average 


Copyright  1922,  B.  B.  Burling 
3mce,  Milwaukee,  Publishers 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  ancl  Power  Wiring 


EXPOSED  CONDUIT  SYSTEMS 

In  exposed  conduit  systems  where  outlet  boxes  are  not  used  a fitting  having  separately  bushed 
hole  for  each  conductor  must  be  provided.  Such  fittings  are  shown.  Fig.  48.  (Type  A and  Type  C.) 

Openings  in  walls  at  all  outlets  should  be  closed  so  as  to  prevent  electric  sparks  from  causing 
fire  within  the  partition. 


Type  T Fitting 


»~v 

Type.  C Fitting 


% 


^ Pipe.  Strops 


Ty pe  A Fitting  with 
Porcelain  Cover 


Locknut^  | ^Bushing 

Fixture  5tud' 

Method  of  attaching  Conduit 
to  Outlet  boy: 


Fitting  with 

Receptacle 


^Type  £ Fitting 


Type  L Ffthnps  used 
in  exposed  conduit  work 


Fig.  48. 


Copyright  1922,  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce,  Milwaukee,  Publishers 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


Job  L-47— RIGID  CONDUIT 


Wire  for  a series  of  border  lights  to  be  controlled  by  two  single  pole  flush  switches.  Each  switch 
to  control  half  of  the  lights  in  such  a manner  that  every  other  light  will  be  on  the  same  switch.  (Con- 
cealed work.) 

Wiring  Plan 


No. 

LIST  OF  MATERIALS 

COST 

Unit 

Total 

TIME  REQUIRED 

TOTAL 

GRADES 


Time 


Workmanship 


Book  Record 
Average. , 


Copyright  1922-1926,  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce,  Milwaukee.  Publishers 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling'  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


National  Electrical  Code  1925-905-e:  Must  have  metal  of  the  conduit  grounded  as  required  in  905e. 

It  is  rarely  possible  to  perfectly  insulate  a conduit  system  throughout,  and  a positive  ground  is, 
therefore,  required,  so  as  to  first  provide  a definite  path  for  leaking  currents  and  thus  prevent  them 
from  escaping  through  parts  of  a building,  etc.,  where  they  may  do  harm.  Another  reason  is  to  pre- 
vent any  possible  difference  of  potential  occurring  between  conduit  and  near-by  grounded  metal  work, 
which  might  cause  a person  to  receive  a dangerous  shock. 

National  Electrical  Code  1925-906c:  Grounding  must  be  permanent,  effective,  and  accessible.  See  Fig.  50. 

The  ground  connection  should  be  near  the  point  of  supply  so  as  to  protect  the  entire  conduit  system. 

An  exhaustive  investigation  conducted  by  the  Bureau  of  Standards  has  shown  that  water  pipe 
grounds  are  the  most  dependable.  On  alternating-current  systems  they  are  entirely  non-injurious  to 
the  piping.  Gas  piping  does  not  afford  a safe  means  of  grounding  because  of  the  increasing  use  of 
cemented  joints  and  because  of  the  possibility  of  arcing  when  removing  sections  of  gas  piping  in 
which  an  explosive  mixture  of  air  and  gas  may  exist.. 


Ground  Clomp  attached 
to  Conduit 


Fig.  49. 


Fig.  50. 


Grounding  is  accomplished  by  means  of  ground  clamps,  Fig.  49.  A ground  clamp  is  attached  to 
conduit  system  and  another  to  water  pipe.  The  two  are  connected  by  a copper  wire  of  not  less  than 
No.  10  B & S gage.  The  wire  must  be  soldered  to  the  clamps  and  the  pipes  scraped  bright  and  clean 
where  the  ground  clamp  is  to  be  attached. 

National  Electrical  Code  1925-701p:  Junction  boxes  must  always  be  installed  in  such  a manner  as  to  be  acces- 
sible. Such  boxes  are  considered  to  be  accessible  when  installed  in  an  attic  that  has  sufficient  head  room,  but 
which  is  reached  only  by  a portable  ladder  and  permanent  hatch. 


Copyright  1922-1926,  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce.  Milwaukee.  Publishers 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


Buildings  made  entirely  of  reinforced  concrete  present  many  problems  to  the  electrical  man. 
There  are  two  methods  by  which  conduit  can  be  installed  in  this  kind  of  building.  °ne  o^hese  is 
to  lay  the  conduit  on  the  false  work  before  the  concrete  is  poured  This  is  known  as  a slush  job. 
The  other  method  is  to  run  the  conduit  over  the  rough  concrete  slab  before  the  finish  surface  is  pu 
on  In  this  method  it  is  advisable  to  lay  out  the  preliminary  work  when  the  building  is  being  erected 
so  as  to  avoid  drilling  holes  in  the  concrete  as  much  as  possible.  The  location  of  outlets  should  be 
provided  for  by  placing  tubes,  Fig.  51,  properly  plugged,  on  the  false  work  before  the  concrete  is 
poured  A good  way  is  to  fill  the  tubes  with  sand  before  concrete  is  poured.  For  risers  a threaded 
piece  of  conduit  should  be  set  in  the  false  work  before  the  concrete  is  poured,  big. 


Sheet  Iron  tube. 


'Ou+lef  box 


. Q \ -41  a * 

MV  ■*- 


£>  » 6 4 4 

obA  o.  * 


f--*. 


4 


. a o '.ft  4 •* 


■ •::V  ’ 

4 O AO 

:~o  "a,’ p ■ c 

o;o'  a'.oA*': 

o , o ■ ■' 


Conduit  and  Qutlei  box  in  Re-enforced  Concrete. 


Fig.  51. 


Fig.  53. 


m 


Threaded  pi pe. 
for-  riser 
Fig.  52. 


finished  floor*  Comute 


Wood  floor  sleeper*. 


Ceiling 


Conduit  in  Steef  and  Tile.  Construction 

Fig.  54. 


When  laying  out  a conduit  installation,  the  size  of  wire  necessary  for  the  various  runs  should 
first  be  determined.  The  size  of  conduit  to  accommodate  these  runs  should  then  be  ascertained.  T 
branch  circuits  are  usually  run  in  >4"  conduit  unless  otherwise  specified. 

Figs.  53  and  54  show  conduit  in  two  types  of  fireproof  construction.  The  first,  Fig.  53  shows 
where  the  conduit  has  been  laid  on  the  false  work  and  the  concrete  poured  around  it.  Tne  other  Fig. 
54  shows  where  the  steel  and  terra  cotta  have  been  put  in  place  first  and  the  conduit  then  run  above 
same  and  below  the  finished  floor.  The  conduit  is  buried  in  the  concrete  or  cinder  filling. 


Copyright  1922,  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce,  Milwaukee,  Publisher* 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


FLEXIBLE  STEEL  CONDUIT 

Flexible  steel  conduit  is  used  for  all  kinds  of  wiring  excepting  concrete  buildings  under  construc- 
tion. It  is  designed  for  other  fireproof  construction,  but  is  equally  adaptable  for  the  wiring  of  fin- 
ished buildings.  This  conduit  comes  both  in  single  strip,  Fig.  55,  and  double  strip  type,  Fig.  56. 

In  finished  buildings  the  double  strip  works  better  on  account  of  its  extreme  flexibility.  No  flex- 
ible conduit  should  be  imbedded  in  brick  or  run  underground,  or  where  exposed  to  the  action  of  the 
weather. 


«S ingle.  Strip  Double.  5trip 

Fig.  55.  Fig.  56. 


For  many  purposes  flexible  is  far  superior  to  rigid  conduit.  This  type  of  conduit  does  not  require 
the  cutting  of  threads  and  the  bending  of  elbows.  It  is  easily  and  quickly  installed.  A “fish  plug,” 
Fig.  57,  will  be  found  very  useful  in  drawing  flexible  conduit  in  finished  buildings  where  it  is  desired 
to  fish  under  floors  or  in  partitions. 


Connector 

Fig.  58. 


Pipe  Strap 

Fig.  59. 


Coupling 

Fig.  60. 


After  the  conduit  has  been  cut  off  squarely  the  fish  plug  may  be  screwed  into  the  tube  and  the 
fish  wire  or  drawing-in  line  attached  to  the  eyelet  on  the  end  of  the  plug.  The  conduit  must  be  in- 
stalled complete  before  any  wires  are  drawn  in.  Connectors,  Fig.  58,  are  used  for  attaching  flexible 
steel  conduit  to  outlet  boxes. 

The  same  type  of  outlet  boxes  is  used  in  all  flexible  or  rigid  conduit  work.  Where  run  is  exposed 
conduit  is  fastened  to  the  surface  by  means  of  pipe  straps,  Fig.  59.  Where  two  pieces  of  flexible 
conduit  are  to  be  fastened  together,  a coupling,  Fig.  60,  is  used.  Flexible  conduit  must  be  permanently 
and  effectually  grounded  the  same  as  all  other  metal  duct  systems. 

The  conduit  must  be  continuous  from  outlet  to  outlet  in  order  that  wires  may  be  readily  drawn 
in  after  the  system  is  completed.  This  is  also  to  insure  that  the  wire  is  protected  throughout  its  whole 
length.  The  system  should  be  first  installed  complete  without  conductors.  The  wires  should  not 
be  drawn  in  until  all  mechanical  work  on  the  building  has  been  completed  as  far  as  possible.  This 
eliminates  the  danger  of  the  wires  being  injured  by  other  workmen  on  the  job. 


Copyright  1922,  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce,  Milwaukee.  Publishers 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


Job  L-48— RIGID  CONDUIT 

Wire  for  one  ceiling  outlet  controlled  from  three  points.  Three  bracket  outlets  controlled  by 
an  electrolier  (SE)  switch  in  such  a manner  that  either  one,  two  or  three  of  the  brackets  may  be  on 
at  one  time.  (Concealed  work.) 

Wiring  Plan 


No. 

LIST  OF  MATERIALS 

COST 

Unit 

Total 

TIME  REQUIRED 

TOTAL 

GRADES 


Time  

Workmanship 
Book  Record 
Average. . . 


Copyright  1922,  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce,  Milwaukee,  Publishers 


*\ 


c 


vP' 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


Job  L-49— FLEXIBLE  STEEL  CONDlllT 

Wire  for  two  ceiling  and  one  bracket  outlet.  Two  ceiling  outlets  to  be  controlled  by 


No. 

LIST  OF  MATERIALS 

COST 

Unit 

Total 

TIME  REQUIRED 

TOTAL 

GRADES 


Time  

Workmanship 
Book  Record 
Average. . , 


Copyright  1922,  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce,  Milwaukee,  Publishers 


' 


.. 


( 


■ 

. 

* 

. 

■ 


. 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


Job  L-50— FLEXIBLE  STEEL  CONDUIT 

Wire  for  one  ceiling,  one  bracket  and  one  base  board  outlet.  Ceiling  outlet  to  be  controlled  from 
two  points,  using  3 way  (S3)  flush  switches. 

Wiring  Plan 


Routing  Plan 


******* 


! 

\2ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZi 


XX 


] 


CH 


ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ2. 


No. 

LIST  OF  MATERIALS 

COST 

Unit 

Total 

TIME  REQUIRED 

TOTAL 

GRADES 


Time  

Workmanship 
Book  Record 
Average. . . 


Copyright  1922,  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce,  Milwaukee,  Publishers 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


Job  L-51— FLEXIBLE  STEEL  CONDUIT 

Wire  for  two  ceiling,  two  bracket  and  one  base  outlet.  Ceiling  outlets  to  be  controlled  by  double 
pole  (S2)  flush  switches  and  brackets  by  single  pole  (S1)  flush  switches.  Single  pole  switches  placed 
below  brackets. 

Wiring  Plan 


No. 

LIST  OF  MATERIALS 

COST 

Unit 

Total 

TIME  REQUIRED 

TOTAL 

GRADES 


Time  

Workmanship 
Book  Record 
Average. . . 


Copyright  1922,  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce,  Milwaukee,  Publishers 


. 


. 


. 


' 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


Job  L-52— FLEXIBLE  STEEL  CONDUIT 

Wire  for  three  ceiling  outlets,  controlled  by  an  electrolier  (SE)  switch,  two  brackets  individually 
controlled  at  the  fixture  and  a receptacle  outlet  controlled  by  a double  pole  (SJ)  switch. 

Wiring  Plan 


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2-0 


nun 


YZZ2ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ 


s£ 


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VZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZA 


Routing  Plan 


No. 

LIST  OF  MATERIALS 

COST 

Unit 

Total 

TIME  REQUIRED 

TOTAL 

GRADES 


Time  

Workmanship 
Book  Record 
Average. . , 


Copyright  1922,  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce,  Milwaukee,  Publishers 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burlinv  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


FLEXIBLE  STEEL  ARMORED  CABLE  (BX) 

Flexible  Steel  Armored  Cable  consists  of  rubber  covered  wire  protected  from  injury  by  two 
steel  strips  wound  spirally  around  the  conductors.  Fig.  61.  It  is  used  in  wiring  buildings  of  frame 
construction  before  and  after  completion.  In  old  buildings  the  cable  is  “fished”  from  outlet  to  outlet. 
In  buildings  under  construction  holes  are  bored  in  joists  and  studdings  to  permit  the  workman  to  draw 
the  cable  through  the  same  way  as  wires  are  in  concealed  knob  and  tube  work.  It  must  always  be 
looped  from  outlet  to  outlet  in  continuous  lengths.  Such  cable  must  not  be  installed  in  basements  or 
damp  places  unless  additionally  protected  by  a lead  covering. 


Armored  Conductors 


Fig.  61. 


Armored  Conductor  45oConncctor 
Bushing  or  Connector 


90®  Connector 


Fig.  62. 


Fig.  62a. 


National  Electrical  Code  1925-505c:  Must  be  continuous  from  outlet  to  outlet  or  to  junction  boxes  or  cabi- 
nets, and  the  armor  of  the  cable  must  properly  enter  and  be  secured  to  all  fittings,  and  the  entire  system  must  be 
mechanically  secured  in  position.  In  case  of  service  connections  and  main  runs,  this  involves  running  such  ar- 
mored cable  continuously  into  a main  cut-out  cabinet  or  gutter  surrounding  panel  board,  as  the  case  may  be. 

The  armored  cable  must  be  run  in  one  continuous  length  from  outlet  to  outlet  or  outlet  to  junction 
box.  Must  be  provided  with  a fitting  which  will  securely  fasten  the  cable  to  the  outlet  box  in  order  to 
establish  a good  electrical  contact,  Figs.  62  and  62-a.  Note  the  method  of  securing  the  connection  to  the 
armored  cable. 

Must  be  equipped  at  every  outlet  with  an  approved  outlet  box  or  plate,  as  required  in  conduit  work.  In  com- 
pleted installations  the  box  or  plate  must  be  covered  by  an  approved  cover  or  fixture  canopy.  Outlet  plates  must 
not  be  used  where  it  is  practicable  to  install  outlet  boxes. 

For  concealed  work  in  walls  and  ceilings  composed  of  plaster  or  wooden  joists  or  stud  construction,  outlet 
boxes  or  plates  and  also  cut-out  cabinets  must  be  so  installed  that  the  front  edge  will  not  be  more  than  J^-inch  back 
of  finished  surface  of  the  plaster,  and  if  this  surface  is  broken  or  incomplete,  it  shall  be  repaired  so  that  it  will  not 
show  any  gaps  or  open  spaces  around  the  edge  of  the  outlet  box  or  plate,  or  of  the  cut-out  cabinet.  On  wooden 
walls  or  ceilings,  outlet  box  or  plate  and  cut-out  cabinets  must  be  so  installed  that  front  edge  will  either  be  flush 
with  the  finished  surface  or  project  therefrom.  This  will  not  apply  to  concealed  work  in  walls  or  ceilings,  com- 
posed of  concrete,  tile  or  other  non-combustible  material. 

Whenever  armored  cable  terminates,  the  connector  must  be  secured  to  the  outlet  box  or  plate. 
Fig.  63.  When  the  installation  is  complete,  the  box  or  plate  must  be  covered  by  an  approved  cover. 
Fig.  64e,  or  fixture  canopy.  Provide  a “fixture  stud”  Fig.  64f  at  each  fixture  outlet  where  gas  pipe 
does  not  provide  fixture  support. 


Method  of  fastening 
Flexible  Steel  Armored 
Coble  to  Outlet  BoX. 

Fig.  63. 


■4" Cover  with 
3"  Opening 

Fig.  64b. 


Deep  Outlet  Box 

Fig.  64c. 


Copyright  1922-192G.  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce.  Milwaukee,  Publishers 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling'  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


All  outlet  boxes,  Fig.  64a,  c,  d,  plates  and  cabinets  in  concealed  work  must  be  so  placed  that  they 
are  not  more  than  y back  of  or  project  more  than  beyond  the  plaster  line.  All  openings  around 
boxes,  plates  or  cabinets  must  be  closed  so  as  to  prevent  a flash  between  conductors  starting  a fire  in 
the  walls. 

National  Electrical  Code:  See  1925-701n. 

Many  methods  of  fastening  the  armored  cable  to  outlet  boxes  are  in  use.  Outlet  bushings  or 
connectors  are  used  most  frequently.  Fig.  63.  There  are  also  special  outlet  boxes  which  hold  the  cable 
directly  to  the  box  without  the  use  of  connectors,  Fig.  64g.  The  connectors  act  as  a bushing  to  protect 
the  conductors  from  abrasion. 

National  Electrical  Code  1925-701p:  Junction  boxes  must  always  be  installed  in  such  a manner  as  to  be  acces- 
sible. 


All  outlet  and  junction  boxes  also  fittings  of  similar  kind  shall  always  be  installed  in  accessible 
places.  Junction  boxes  may  be  considered  as  accessible  when  installed  in  an  attic  that  has  sufficient 
head  room,  but  which  is  reached  by  a stairway  or  portable  ladder  and  permanent  hatch. 

National  Electrical  Code  1925-505b:  For  alternating-current  systems  must  have  the  two  or  more  conductors  of 
the  circuit  enclosed  in  one  metal  armor. 

This  is  necessary  in  order  to  avoid  heating  of  armor  and  other  trouble  which  might  occur  due  to 
induction  if  each  conductor  were  separately  encased.  It  is  suggested  that  this  be  done  for  direct  cur- 
rent systems,  so  that  they  may  be  changed  to  alternating  current  at  any  time.  Induction  troubles 
would  prevent  such  a change  if  the  wires  are  in  separate  armors. 

National  Electrical  Code  1925-505e:  All  bends  must  be  so  made  that  the  armor  of  the  cable  will  not  be  injured. 
The  radius  of  the  curve  of  the  inner  edge  of  any  bend  should  not  be  less  than  \l/2  inches. 

The  cable  should  not  be  bent  too  short  or  the  sheath  is  liable  to  be  opened  and  the  conductors  ex- 
posed and  injured. 

Armored  cable  where  drawn  through  joists  should  be  so  located  that  nails  driven  in  floor  will  not 
injure  it.  It  is  best  to  drill  the  holes  near  the  middle  of  the  joist.  When  carried  in  slots  in  top  of 
joists  or  in  studdings  as  in  old  house  wiring  an  iron  plate  should  be  placed  over  the  slot  before  the 
floor  is  relaid  or  baseboards  replaced. 


Copyright  1922-1926,  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce,  Milwaukee.  Publishers 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


Job  L-53— FLEXIBLE  STEEL  CABLE  (BX) 

Wire  for  one  ceiling,  one  bracket  and  one  base  outlet.  Ceiling  outlet  to  be  controlled  by  single 


Routing  Plan 

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No. 

LIST  OF  MATERIALS 

COST 

Unit 

Total 

TIME  REQUIRED 

TOTAL 

GRADES 


Time  

Workmanship 
Book  Record 
Average. . , 


Copyright  1922,  B.  B,  Burling 
Bruce,  Milwaukee,  Publishers 


- 


. 


■ • • • . 


■ 


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Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


Job  L-54— FLEXIBLE  STEEL  CABLE  (BX) 

Wire  for  two  ceiling,  one  bracket  and  one  base  outlet.  One  ceiling  outlet  to  be  controlled  by 
single  pole  (S1)  switch  and  the  other  by  a set  of  three-way  (S3)  switches.  Base  receptacle  located 
directly  below  S\ 

Wiring  Plan. 


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Routing  Plan. 


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Zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzr  tzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz 


No. 

LIST  OF  MATERIALS 

COST 

Unit 

Total 

TIME  REQUIRED 

TOTAL 

GRADES 


Time  

Workmanship 
Book  Record 
Average. . . 


Copyright  3922-1926,  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce,  Milwaukee,  Publishers 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


National  Electrical  Code  1 925- S05f : Must  have  metal  armor  of  cables  grounded  with  the  exception  of  short 
runs  of  cable  as  permitted. 

The  metal  of  all  armored  cable  shall  be  permanently  and  effectively  grounded  to  cold  water  pip- 
ing, but  when  no  such  piping  is  available,  connections  shall  be  made  to  gas  piping  on  the  street  side 
of  the  meter.  If  the  armored  cable  system  consists  of  several  separate  sections,  the  sections  shall  be 
bonded  to  each  other  and  the  system  grounded  or  each  section  may  be  separately  grounded  as  re- 
quired above.  When  short  lengths  of  armored  cable  are  installed  of  ten  feet  or  less  in  buildings  of 
wood  construction,  except  in  basements,  and  where  such  armored  cable  is  entirely  clear  of  all  grounded 
metal  and  installed  in  such  a manner  that  there  will  be  no  possible  chance  of  current  passing  through 
a person  to  ground  from  either  armored  cable  or  any  fitting  or  appliance,  the  ground  connection  may 
be  omitted. 

When  installed  in  so-called  fireproof  buildings  in  course  of  construction  or  afterwards  if  exposed  to  moisture, 
or  where  it  is  exposed  to  the  weather,  or  damp  places,  such  as  breweries,  stables,  etc.,  the  cable  must  have  a lead 
covering  placed  between  the  outer  braid  of  the  conductors  and  the  steel  armor. 

In  places  that  are  permanently  damp,  the  armored  cable  shall  have  a lead  covering  over  the  wires 
and  under  the  steel.  Armored  cable  placed  against  damp  masonry  which  will  be  dry  when  the  build- 
ing is  finished,  need  not  have  the  lead  covering.  The  lead  covered  cable  should  be  used  on  outer  walls 
of  basements,  etc.,  which  may  be  permanently  moist. 


Copyright  1922-1926,  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce,  Milwaukee,  Publishers 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


Job  L-55— FLEXIBLE  STEEL  CABLE  (BX) 

Wire  for  one  ceiling,  two  bracket  and  one  base  outlet.  Ceiling  outlet  to  be  controlled  from  three 
points. 

Wiring  Plan 


3 

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2 

1 


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Routing  Plan 


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3 

3 


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No. 

LIST  OF  MATERIALS 

Unit 

COST 

Total 

TIME  REQUIRED 

TOTAL 

GRADES 


Time 


Workmanship 
Book  Record 
Average. . . 


Bruce.  Milwaukee.  Publishers 
Copyright  1922.  B.  B.  Burling 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


Job  L-56— FLEXIBLE  STEEL  CABLE  (BX) 

Wire  for  four  ceiling,  two  bracket,  and  one  base  outlet.  Ceiling  outlets  each  controlled  by- 
switch. 

Wiring  Plan 


Routing  Plan 


Note.  Keep  this  job  up  for  jobs  56a  and  b. 


GRADES 

Time  

Workmanship 

Book  Record 

Average 


No. 

LIST  OF  MATERIALS 

COST 

Unit 

Total 

TIME  REQUIRED 

TOTAL 

an  S 


Copyright  1922,  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce.  Milwaukee,  Publishers 


’ 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


FIXTURES,  WIRING  AND  CONSTRUCTION 

Fixture  Wire: — National  Electrical  Code  1925-604a:  Fixtures  shall  be  wired  with  approved  flexible  cord  or 

approved  rubber-covered  wire. 

In  wiring  certain  designs  of  show-case  fixtures,  ceiling  bulls-eyes  and  similar  appliances  in  which 
the  wiring  is  exposed  to  temperatures  in  excess  of  120  degrees  Fahrenheit  (49  degrees  Centigrade), 
from  the  heat  of  the  lamps,  approved  slow-burning  wire  should  be  used.  All  such  forms  of  fixtures  must 
be  submitted  for  examination,  test  and  approval  before  being  introduced  for  use. 

The  wire  covering  lies  in  contact  with  the  metal  of  the  fixtures,  so  that  a first-class  insulator,  like 
rubber,  is  necessary. 

National  Electrical  Code  1925-604c:  Conductors  may  be  either  solid  or  stranded  and  must  not  be  smaller  than 

No.  18  B and  S Rage. 

It  is  very  undesirable  to  use  wires  as  small  as  No.  18  B.  & S.  gage,  as  they  have  but  little  me- 
chanical strength  and  might  be  broken  by  vibration  of  the  fixture.  They  are  only  to  be  used  in  places 
where  it  is  absolutely  impossible  to  put  a larger  wire.  Stranded  wires  are  preferable  to  solid  wires, 
as  they  are  much  less  likely  to  break. 

In  stranded  conductors,  each  conductor  must  be  covered  with  a tight  close  wind  of  fine  cotton  or 
some  other  method  must  be  used  to  prevent  a broken  strand  puncturing  the  insulation.  Solid  conduc- 
tors must  be  tinned. 

National  Electrical  Code  1925-1403a  to  h— Fixtures:  Must,  except  in  the  cases  mentioned  in  items  1-3  inclusive 
below,  be  insulated  from  their  supports  by  approved  insulating  joints  (Fig.  65c),  placed  as  near  as  possible  to  the 
ceiling  or  walls. 

a.  Straight  electric  fixtures  shall  be  grounded  except  as  described  in  1 and  2 below. 

1.  Fixtures  mounted  on  metal  ceilings  or  side  walls,  or  on  walls  or  ceilings  containing  metal  lathing,  shall  be 

grounded  or  shall  be  insulated  from  their  supports  by  approved  insulating  joints  or  by  approved  insulating  fixture 
supports,  and  canopy  insulators  shall  be  used. 

2.  Fixtures  in  open  wiring,  knob-and-tube  work  or  wooden  raceways  and  not  on  metal  ceilings  or  side  walls  nor 
on  plaster  walls  or  ceilings  containing  metal  lathing  need  be  neither  grounded  nor  insulated. 

b.  Fixtures  shall  be  considered  as  grounded  when  mechanically  connected  in  a permanent  and  effective  manner 

to  metal  conduit,  armored  cable  or  metal  raceway  systems  or  to  a separate  grounding  wire  not  smaller  than  No.  14, 

or  to  gas  piping  which  is  grounded  in  the  manner  specified  in  article  9 of  this  code. 


(/Joint  Gas  Mains  6- 

for  Conduits.  Interior  Conduits 


Sectional  Vic-w  Joints  for 


Fig.  65b. 


Fig.  65a. 


Fig.  65c. 


Copyright  1922-1926.  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce*.  Milwaukee.  Publishers 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


Lock  Nut  -s 

’-Plaster 


^^iSushln^ 


•Insulating  Joint 
ickey 


Fig.  65d. 


When  fixtures  are  installed  out  of  doors  they  must  be  of  watertight  construction. 

Fig.  65d  shows  a method  of  supporting  fixtures  in  knob  and  tube,  armored  cable  and  rigid  conduit 
construction. 

Job  L-56-a— FIXTURE  WORK 


Assemble  for  inspection  all  fixtures  complete 
with  wire,  insulating  joint  and  hickey,  Fig.  65-b 
for  Job  L-56. 

Secure  some  standard  lamp  cord  and  make  the 
“Underwriters  Knot,”  Fig.  65-e.  Have  it  inspected 

GRADES 

Time  

Workmanship  

Book  Record  ■. 


Fig.  65e. 


Average 


Job  L-56-b— HANGING  FIXTURES 

Hang  all  fixtures  in  Job  L-56. 


Copyright  1922-1926,  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce,  Milwaukee,  Publishers 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


SERVICE  AND  METER  LOOPS 

(Rules  governing  service  in  most  cities.) 

Switches  and  fuses  shall  be  placed  on  all  service  wires,  either  overhead  or  underground,  in  the  nearest  accessi- 
ble place  to  the  point  where  they  enter  the  building,  and  arranged  to  cut  off  the  entire  current  of  the  building, 
including  meters.  The  fuses  shall  protect  the  switch,  unless  the  knife  switch  is  of  an  enclosed  or  protected  type, 
under  which  condition  the  switch  may  be  placed  between  the  source  of  supply  and  the  cut-out. 

On  overhead  service,  the  service  entrance  wires  shall  be  brought  out  on  that  side  of  building  nearest  the 
poles  carrying  supply  wires,  and  so  installed  that  it  shall  require  only  one  set  of  brackets  to  attach  supply  wires  to 
building  for  connection. 

All  overhead  service  wires  shall  enter  a building  through  at  least  fa-inch  rigid  iron  conduit,  installed  on  the 
outside  of  the  building,  and  shall  not  be  less  than  No.  10  B and  S gage.  The  conduit  shall  be  equipped  with  a 
standard  service  head  so  installed  that  water  cannot  enter  the  fitting  or  conduit,  (Fig.  66).  The  service  conduit  may 
be  imbedded  in  brick  or  cement  walls.  The  service  outlet  shall  be  so  located  that  there  will  be  at  least  24  inches 
between  it  and  any  signal  wires  attached  to  the  building. 

The  service  wires  shall  terminate  on  the  inside  of  the  basement  wall  of  residences  or  store  building  entrance, 
and  not  higher  than  six  feet  from  the  floor  within  two  feet  of  a window  or  door  so  as  to  make  the  service  switch 
of  easy  access  from  the  outside. 

The  service  wires  in  building,  where  there  is  no  basement  or  in  a factory  building,  shall  terminate  on  the 
inside  of  the  ground  floor  wall  not  higher  than  six  feet  from  the  floor  and  within  two  feet  from  a door  or  window, 
so  as  to  make  the  service  switch  of  easy  access  from  the  outside. 

Open  service  wires  on  outside  of  buildings  shall  be  so  installed  so  as  to  be  at  least  three  feet  from  any  window, 
door  or  porch  roof. 

Service  wires  shall  not  be  smaller  than  No.  10  B and  S gage  and  in  overhead  service  the  street  ends  shall 
extend  at  least  24  inches  from  service  head. 

Service  wires  shall  not  be  attached  to  any  roof,  or  along  any  building  wall,  unless  installed  in  standard  rigid 
conduit. 

Service  conduit  shall  be  used  solely  for  service  wires. 

In  overhead  service  the  service  conduit  on  a one  story  building  shall  run  up  to  the  highest  available  point  on 
that  side  of  the  building  where  the  service  wires  are  to  be  connected,  and  on  all  other  buildings  to  a point  not  less 
than  fifteen  feet  from  the  ground. 

When  more  than  one  service  enters  a building,  the  distance  of  points  of  entrance  of  the  different  service  wires 
shall  not  be  more  than  twenty-four  inches. 

Any  underground  service  from  a subway  to  a building  shall  not  supply  more  than  one  building  unless  the 
conductors  are  carried  outside  all  the  buildings  but  the  ones  served.  Conductors  buried  under  two  inches  of  con- 
crete under  a building  or  buried  back  of  two  inches  of  concrete  or  brick  within  an  outside  wall  are  considered  as 
lying  outside  of  the  building.  These  requirements  do  not  apply  to  factory  yards  or  factory  buildings  under  single 
occupancy  or  management. 

On  underground  service  the  service  wires  shall  enter  so  that  the  service  switch,  which  is  to  be  placed  as  near 
as  possible  to  the  place  where  the  service  wires  enter,  shall  be  located  near  a window  or  entrance  door,  so  as  to 
make  the  service  of  easy  access  from  the  outside. 

Where  there  are  more  than  two  meters  in  an  installation,  each  meter  shall  be  protected  by  a 
separate  cut-out.  All  meter  loops  shall  not  be  smaller  than  No.  10  B.  & S.  gage  wire  and  shall  be 
run  in  conduit  with  standard  meter  outlet  fittings  at  each  meter,  except  where  meter  cabinets  are  used, 
or  where  the  meter  loops  are  larger  than  No.  2 B.  & S.  gage  in  which  case  a standard  conduit  fitting 
may  be  used. 

All  switches  in  distribution  cabinets  and  meter  loops  shall  be  labeled  and  numbered  for  identifica- 
tion and  meter  loops  brought  out  in  consecutive  order.  Meter  boards  shall  be  at  least  three-fourths  of 
an  inch  in  thickness  and  made  so  as  to  prevent  warping  and  treated  with  shellac,  insulating  paint  or 
varnish. 

Meters  shall  not  be  installed  in  bathrooms,  bedrooms,  clothes  closets,  sitting  rooms,  stairways, 
attics,  coal  bins  or  inaccessible  places.  If  several  meters  are  to  be  installed  in  one  place,  sufficient  room 
shall  be  allowed  to  permit  good  mechanical  and  electrical  construction.  If  meters  and  service  switches 
are  exposed  to  mechanical  injury  or  dust,  such  as  in  flour  mills,  saw  mills,  etc.,  they  shall  be  protected 
by  a suitable  cabinet. 

The  general  arrangements  of  meter  loops  should  be  such  that  a meter  can  be  installed  without 
crossing  any  wires.  Meter  loops  should  not  be  placed  above  7 feet  from  the  floor,  and  should  be  as 
near  the  point  of  entrance  of  the  service  as  possible.  In  office  buildings  meter  loops  should  be  located  at 
a central  point  in  meter  closets  or  public  corridors,  and  in  apartment  buildings  in  the  basement  of  the 
building,  so  that  meters  may  be  installed  and  maintained  without  annoyance  to  tenants. 

At  the  meter  outlet  there  should  be  provided  either  a meter  terminal  fitting,  Fig.  67,  or  multiplex 
box,  Fig.  68. 

Sufficient  length  of  wire  should  be  left  when  multiplex  boxes  are  used  to  connect  up  meter  in  such 
a manner  that  there  will  be  no  crossing  of  wires  and  that  there  will  be  good  mechanical  and  elec- 
trical construction. 


Copyright  1922-1926,  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce,  Milwaukee,  Publishers 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


r 


Me-ter  Board.--'* 
Me-fcer — 


Multiplex  Dox- 


To  , _ 

Distribution.  Cabin© 


r 

=n= 

Lu,J 

Service  Wires 


Service  Head 
(To  be  located  u-t 
lea sl  15'  from  the 
ground  and  3' from 
a.  iv in  dour) 


-L  Conduit 

Fitting 


Fig.  66. 


Fig.  67. 


Fig.  68. 


Before  installing  meter  terminal  fittings  or  multiplex,  the  local  lighting  and  power  company  should 
be  consulted  to  ascertain  the  type  of  meter  they  intend  installing  so  that  the  proper  meter  loops  can 
be  provided.  There  are  a number  of  different  types  of  meters  on  the  market,  each  requiring  a different 
arrangement  of  meter  loops.  Figure  69  shows  the  connections  for  a number  of  types. 


Connections  for  2 Wire 
Single  Phase  Meter 


.^Current  Coil 


Connection  fur  2 Wire 
Single  Phase  Meter 


Connections  for  3 Wire 
Single  Phase  Meter 


El/lfae  4 Binding  Post  Type 
Direct  Current  Meter 


une 


3Wire  4 Binding  Post  Tipc 
Direct  Current  Meter 


Connections  for  Three  Phase 
220  Volt  Meter 

Fig.  69. 


Copyright  1922-1926,  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce,  Milwaukee,  Publishers 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


Job  L-57— METER  LOOPS 

Wire  for  meters  of  a four  family  apartment  using  meter  terminal  fittings,  Fig.  67.  Each  apart- 
ment to  have  two  circuits.  Each  meter  to  be  fused  separately.  Three  wire  service. 


|QOOOO|f  P*  jooooo) 


] 


It 


loop  oo| 


toooool 


No. 

LIST  OF  MATERIALS 

COST 

Unit 

Total 

TIME  REQUIRED 

TOTAL 

GRADES 


Time  

Workmanship 
Book  Record 
Average. . . 


Copyright  1922,  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce,  Milwaukee,  Publishers 


' 


* • 

■ 


■|  • . 

* 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


Job  L-58— METER  LOOPS 

Wire  for  a two  wire  service  to  a single  customer.  Wire  so  that  all  wires  to  meter  and  building 
are  dead  when  the  service  switch  is  open.  Use  a two  wire  meter. 


Copyright  1922,  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce,  Milwaukee.  Publishers 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


No. 

LIST  OF  MATERIALS 

COST 

Unit 

Total 

TIME  REQUIRED 

TOTAL 

GRADES 


Time  

Workmanship 
Book  Record  . 
Average. . . 


Copyright  1922-lfi2U.  I!.  Ii.  Hurling 
Bruce,  Milwaukee.  Publishers 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


Job  L-59— METER  LOOPS 

Wire  for  three  wire  service  to  two  customers.  Run  three  wires  to  each  meter. 


Copyright  1922,  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce,  Milwaukee.  Publishers 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


No. 

COST 

LIST  OF  MATERIALS 

Unit 

Total 

TIME  REQUIRED 

TOTAL 

GRADES 


Time  

Workmanship 
Book  Record 
Average. . 


Copyright  1922.  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce,  Milwaukee.  Publishers 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


Job  L-60— METER  LOOPS 

Wire  for  a three  wire  service  to  a single  customer.  Three  wire  meter. 


0 


//  L 


V 


X W 

— \N 

I' 

ll 

H 


) /a 

s '\ 

s/'  I 


<s> 


Leave  of  wire  for  each  meter  loop. 

Operating  handliA  interchangeable.. 
To  be  placed  on  side  nearest  window. 


<ZX3 a- 

— o 

®0"-° 

O--0© 

®o 

— o© 

©o™0 

a-O 

©O O- 

— o 

©O— a 

a--0© 

©O 0- 

o© 

©o — ° 

o-O® 

“List  of  Materials”  on  other  side. 


Copyright  1922,  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce,  Milwaukee.  Publisher* 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


No. 

LIST  OF  MATERIALS 

COST 

Unit 

Total 

TIME  REQUIRED 

TOTAL 

GRADES 


Time  

Workmanship 
Book  Eecord  , 
Average. . , 


Copyright  1922,  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce.  Milwaukee.  Publishers 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


Job  L-61— METER  LOOPS 

Wire  for  a three  wire  service  to  two  customers  using  one  two-wire  and  one  three-wire  meter. 


Copyright  1922.  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce,  Milwaukee,  Publishers 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


No. 

LIST  OF  MATERIALS 

COST 

Unit 

Total 

TIME  REQUIRED 

TOTAL 

GRADES 


Time  

Workmanship 
Book  Record  , 
Average. . , 


Copyright  1922,  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce.  Milwaukee.  Publishers 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


Job  L-62— METER  LOOPS 

Wire  for  three  wire  service  to'two  customers  using  two  three-wire  meters. 


Copyright  1922,  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce.  Milwaukee.  Publishers 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


No. 

LIST  OF  MATERIALS 

COST 

Unit 

Total 

TIME  REQUIRED 

TOTAL 

GRADES 


Time  

Workmanship 
Book  Record  . 
Average. . . 


Copyright  1922,  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce.  Milwaukee,  Publisher* 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


Job  L-63— METER  LOOPS 

Wire  for  three  wire  service  to  single  customer  using  a three  wire  direct  current  meter. 


Copyright  1922-1926,  B.  R.  Burling 
Bruce,  Milwaukee,  Publishers 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


No. 

LIST  OF  MATERIALS 

COST 

Unit 

Total 

TIME  REQUIRED 

TOTAL 

GRADES 


Time  

Workmanship 
Book  Record 
Average. . , 


Copyright  1922-1926,  li.  B.  Hurling 
Bruce,  Milwaukee,  Publishers 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 

Burling  Vocational  Series  T ______  _ . ___ 

Light  and  Power  Wiring  Job  L-64 METER  LOOPS 

Wire  for  a three-wire  service  to  a single  customer  using  a three-wire  meter  and  two  Wright  de- 


Copyright  1922,  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce,  Milwaukee.  Publishers 


Loose  Lea f Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


THE  WRIGHT  DEMAND  METER 


The  meter  is  used  in  connection  with  recording  watt-meters  to  determine  the  maximum  current 
which  has  been  used  during  a given  time.  It  is  also  used  where  it  is  desired  to  know  the  maximum 
current  which  has  passed  through  the  circuit.  In  the  diagram,  Fig.  70,  “B”  is  a glass  bulb  connected 
to  a tube  “C”  which  is  partly  filled  with  a liquid.  Around  the  bulb  is  wound  a resistance  wire  which 
carries  the  main  current.  When  current  is  flowing  in  this  wire  heat  is 
generated  and  the  air  in  the  bulb  is  thus  expanded,  forcing  the  liquid  around 
the  tube  “C”  until  it  reaches  the  point  where  the  tube  “C”  and  “D”  join.  The 
overflow  runs  into  the  tube  “D.”  The  amount  of  liquid  in  tube  “D”  will  depend 
on  the  maximum  amount  of  current  which  has  passed  through  the  resistance 
wire  on  bulb  “B.”  The  scale  back  of  the  tube  “D”  is  graduated  in  amperes  and 
watts.  The  meter  is  not  affected  by  momentary  increases  in  current.  If  the 
maximum  current  lasts  five  minutes  80  per  cent  will  register;  ten  minutes, 

95  per  cent  and  thirty  minutes  will  register  100  per  cent. 


Fig.  70. 


Copyright  1922,  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce-  Milwaukee.  Publishers 


Loose  Leif  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


Job  L-65— METER  LOOPS 

Wire  for  a three-wire  service  to  three  customers  using  two  two-wire  and  one  three-wire  meter. 


Ql 

O 

O 


<o 

CD 


o 

o 

o> 


o 

s 

O 

CVJ 

Qj 

<3 

CD 


£ 

O 

C 


cO 

CD 

1_ 

C5 

CD 

C 

CD 

"O 

V> 

c 

o 


T3 

CD 
CD 

CT>  <3 


cD 

-Q 

a 

CD 

cr 

C3 

o 

D. 

CD 


<: 

a) 

ST 

<3 


CD 

Q_ 


CD 

-Q 


—iO 

oil— 


Copyright  1922,  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce.  Milwaukee,  Publishers 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


No. 

LIST  OF  MATERIALS 

COST 

Unit 

Total 

TIME  REQUIRED 

TOTAL 

GRADES 


Time  

Workmanship 
Book  Record  . 
Average. . . 


Copyright  1922,  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce.  Milwaukee.  Publishers 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


Job  L-66— METER  LOOPS 

Wire  for  a three-wire  service  to  a single  customer  using  a Square  D switch,  compensator  type,  as 
a service  and  meter  switch.  Use  two-wire  meter. 


‘List  of  Materials”  on  other  side. 


Copyright  1922,  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce,  Milwaukee,  Publishers 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


No. 

LIST  OF  MATERIALS 

COST 

Unit 

Total 

TIME  REQUIRED 

TOTAL 

GRADES 


Time  

Workmanship 
Book  Record  , 
Average. . . 


Copyright  1922,  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce,  Milwaukee,  Publishers 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


Job  L-67— METER  LOOPS 

Wire  for  a three  phase  service  to  a single  customer  using  a three  phase  220  volt  meter. 


‘List  of  Materials”  on  other  side. 


Copyright  1922,  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce,  Milwaukee,  Publishers 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


No. 

LIST  OF  MATERIALS 

COST 

Unit 

Total 

TIME  REQUIRED 

TOTAL 

GRADES 


Time  

Workmanship 
Book  Record  , 
Average. . . 


Copyright  1922.  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce.  Milwaukee,  Publishers 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


Figure  71  shows  a typical  installation  of  meters  for  a large  apartment  building  using  two  and  three 
wire  meters  and  having  the  customer’s  distribution  cabinet  located  in  basement  with  meters. 


s? 

<v 

£ 
o 
4- 
if > 

3 

<o 


Figure  72  shows  a typical  installation  for  a large  apartment  building  using  two  and  three  wire 
meters  and  having  the  customer’s  distribution  located  in  each  respective  apartment. 


from 
•Service. 


2.gr3  Wire. 
Multiplex 
Service.  Boxes 
0-30  Amp. 


3 Wire. 
Multipl  ex 
Service.  Boxes 
31-60  Amp. 


Fig.  72. 


Copyright  1922,  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce,  Milwaukee,  Publishers 


0 


I 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


JOB  L-68 — D.  C.  MOTOR  INSTALLATION 

Wire  for  a three  horse  power  compound  motor  using  safety  switch  and  no  field  release  starting 
box.  Enclose  all  wires  in  conduit.  Show  complete  wiring  diagram  on  plan  below.  Referring  to  the 
National  Code,  on  carrying  capacities  of  wires  and  size  of  conduit  for  the  installation  of  wires,  fill  in 
the  blank  space  on  table  below.  (See  other  side  of  sheet.) 


□ to 


Pi 

*§ 
X 2 

no  v. 

Mb 

£ 
uLj  3 

Ni 

<08 

NAMEr 

PLATE- 

AMPER5. 

1 

6 

2 

15 

3 

23 

5 

38 

7>a 

56 

10 

75 

m 

94- 

15 

113 

Copyright  1922-192(1.  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce,  Milwaukee,  Publishers 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


No. 

LIST  OF  MATERIALS 

COST 

Unit 

Total 

TIME  REQUIRED 

TOTAL 

GRADES 


Time  

Workmanship 
Book  Record 
Average. . , 


MOTORS  D.  C.  AND  A.  C. 

National  Electrical  Code  1925-1001a:  Must  when  operating  at  more  than  150  volts  potential  and  accessible  to 
other  than  qualified  attendants  have  their  frames  grounded.  When  frames  are  not  grounded  and  the  voltage  of 
the  circuit  exceeds  150  volts  to  ground,  the  frames  shall  be  permanently  and  effectively  insulated  from  ground. 

The  reason  for  requiring  a positive  ground  is  to  prevent  a possible  difference  of  potential  existing 
between  motor  frame  and  nearby  grounded  objects,  in  the  event  of  breakdown  of  motor  insulation, 
which  might  cause  a person  making  contact  between  the  two  to  receive  a dangerous  shock. 

National  Electrical  Code  1925-1003g  and  h:  Each  motor  must  be  controlled  by  an  indicating  switch  which  will 
disconnect  all  ungrounded  leads  when  opened.  A single  pole  switch  must  not  be  used  on  motors  of  over  horse- 
power. 

Automatic  starting,  except  auto-transformer,  switches  may  be  used  without  other  main  control  switch. 


To  comply  with  the  above  rule  in  the  case  of  a squirrel  cage  or  similar  type  motor  having  a 
large  starting  current  it  will  be  necessary  to  use  a motor  starter  or  double  throw  switch  so  designed 
that  the  protective  device  will  be  shunted  or  cut  out  of  service  during  the  starting  period  unless  a time 
limit  circuit  breaker  or  similar  device  is  used  which  will  prevent  the  opening  of  the  circuit  during  the 
starting  period. 


Copyright  1922-1926,  B.  B.  Burlini 
Bruce,  Milwaukee,  Publishers 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


JOB  L-69 — A.  C.  MOTOR  INSTALLATION 

Wire  for  three  horse  power,  three  phase  motor,  using  safety  starting  switch.  Enclose  all  wires 
in  conduit.  Show  complete  wiring  diagram. 


H.P. 

Motor 

220V 

Size 

Wire 

Size 

Conduit 

Amperes 
of  Starting 
Fuses 

Amperes 
of  Running 
Fuses 

Size 

of 

Switch 

Name 

Plate 

Amperes 

i 

3 

10 

6 

30A 

2 

6 

13 

10 

30A 

3 

4 

20 

15 

30A 

5 

15 

30 

20 

30A 

7* 

21 

40 

30 

60A 

10 

28 

60 

40 

60A 

IS 

42 

80 

60 

1O0A 

20 

52 

100 

75 

lOOA 

Copyright  1922-1926,  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce,  Milwaukee.  Publishers 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


No. 

LIST  OF  MATERIALS 

COST 

Unit 

Total 

TIME  REQUIRED 

TOTAL 

GRADES 


Time  

Workmanship 
Book  Record  , 
Average. . . 


Conductors  carrying  the  current  of  only  one  motor  must  have  a carrying  capacity  of  at  least  110  per  cent  of  the 
name  plate  current  rating  of  the  motor. 

To  provide  for  the  large  starting  current  of  certain  types  of  A.  C.  motors  without  overfusing  the 
conductors,  wires  considerably  larger  than  110  per  cent  of  motor  name  plate  rating  may  be  neces- 
sary in  that  part  of  the  circuit  not  included  in  the  protection  afforded  by  the  motor  protective  device. 

All  wiring  to  motors  from  cutout  cabinets,  circuit  breakers  or  switches  should  be  in  rigid  con- 
duit. At  the  motors  the  conduit  should  be  provided  with  a suitable  fitting  with  bushed  openings  or 
porcelain  cover.  Although  the  code  does  not  demand,  it  is  best  to  have  the  starting  switch  one  of  the 
enclosed  safety  type.  There  are  many  of  these  on  the  market.  Fig.  73  shows  one  type  of  safety  start- 
ing switch. 


Copyright  1922-1926,  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce,  Milwaukee.  Publishers 


Loose  Leal  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


TYPICAL  FLOOR  PLANS 

The  floor  plans  on  the  subsequent  sheets  may  be  used  as  problems  in  contracting  and  estimating 
or  merely  as  illustrative  of  commerqial  practice. 

Should  a course  in  “Contracting  and  Estimating”  be  planned  to  follow  this  course  on  “Light  and 
Power  Wiring”  plans  suitable  for  the  same  can  be  obtained  from  the  publisher. 


F'ifc’st  Floor  Flan 


Copyright  1922,  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce,  Milwaukee,  Publishers 


Table  Lomp,Vac.flwner  or  Fan 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


Second  "Floor  Flan 


Copyright  1922,  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce,  Milwaukee,  Publisher! 


Cellar  Plan 


Copyright  1922,  B.  B.  Burling 
Bruce,  Milwaukee,  Publishers 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Burling  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


RESUSCITATION  FROM  ELECTRIC  SHOCK 


Rules  Reeommendcd  by  Commission  on  Resuscitation  from  Electric 

Copyrighted  1 912.  ,o  by  E>«,°”  Sf 


F°LLOW  THESE  instructions  even  if  victim  appears  dead 

I.  Immediately  break  the  circuit. 

With  a single  quick  motion,  free  the  victim  from  the  current  ttv„  . 

board)  to  move  either  the  victim  or  the  wire.  Beware  of  usfns  m<S?  dry  .non-cond}1ctor  (clothing,  rope, 

victim  from  the  live  conductor  have  every  effort  also  made  to  shut  off  h^curr^nT quickTv^H' ' Whde  ffeeing  ^ 

II.  Instantly  attend  to  the  victim’s  breathing.  quickly. 

remove  any  foreign ^ody^tSbacco^flls^  te^th^t^  in  his  mouth  and  throat  and 

loosen  the  victims  clothing  now;  every  moment  of  delay  is  siious  Proceed^rJXow^:  ^ D°  "0t  St°P  to 

tongue!  andJmouth  ar^  ^fo^b^eXnge(seee, Ffg."^  Lei  'aTLlis^Taw'  tortaTf  th^'subje^t’s 

the  |SCSf  spread  ~ <»" 

viole^y,^?^  body  is  gradually,  bo,  no, 

tion  (in  four'PoerafireeIle5ondly  ‘"''IVe  *°  ,im'S  a min“te  the  swinging  forward  and  back-a  complete  respira- 

loosen’any  tigh7clothing  abonMLTubieactt;>snne?k,  ^ ^“kor'wais’”'1  WhU,!  “ ‘S  co“'in“<i'  an  assistant  should 

breathing  is  restored,  o^unUlTphyskLii' artraf^’lf  Suraf'bMathiig”  rtoo  Wif',h°“!i  'n,err“P'ion'  “"til  natural 
respiration  again.  natural  breathing  stops  after  being  restored,  use  artificial 

3.  Do  not  give  any  liquid  by  mouth  until  the  subject  is  fully  conscious. 

Give  the  subject  fresh  air,  but  keep  him  warm 

III.  Send  for  nearest  doctor  as  soon  as  accident  is  discovered. 


Copyright  1922.  B.  B,  Burling 
Bruce,  Milwaukee.  Publishers 


Loose  Leaf  Shop  Manual 
Barline  Vocational  Series 
Light  and  Power  Wiring 


USEFUL  DATA 

CONDUIT  SIZES  FOR  DIFFERENT  SIZE  WIRES 


No. 

Circular 

Amperes 

Size  of  Pipe  - 

Circular 

Amperes 

r 

Size  of  Pipe  - 

B.  & S. 

Mills 

Rubber 

1 Wire 

2 Wire 

3 Wire 

Mills 

Rubber 

1 Wire 

2 Wire 

3 Wire 

18 

1,020 

3 

% 

% 

% 

600,000 

390 

1% 

3 

3 

16 

2,683 

6 

% 

% 

% 

550,000 

420 

1% 

3 

2% 

14 

4,107 

12 

% 

% 

% 

600,000 

460 

2 

3 

3% 

12 

6,630 

17 

% 

% 

% 

660,000 

475 

2 

3% 

3% 

10 

10,380 

24 

% 

% 

% 

700,000 

600 

2 

3% 

3% 

8 

16,610 

33 

% 

% 

1 

760,000 

625 

' 2 

3% 

3% 

6 

26,260 

46 

% 

1 

1% 

800,000 

550 

2 

3% 

4 

6 

33,100 

54 

% 

1% 

1% 

860,000 

676 

2 

3% 

4 

4 

41,740 

66 

% 

1% 

1% 

900,000 

600 

2 

3% 

4 

3 

62,630 

76 

% 

1% 

l Vi 

950,000 

625 

2 

4 

4 

2 

66,370 

90 

% 

1% 

1% 

1,000,000 

650 

2 

4 

4 

1 

83,690 

107 

% 

1% 

1% 

1,100,000 

690 

2% 

4 

4% 

0 

105,600 

127 

1 

1% 

2 

1,200,000 

730 

2Vi 

4% 

4% 

2.0 

133,100 

160 

1 

2 

2 

1,300,000 

770 

2% 

4% 

5 

3.0 

167,800 

177 

1 

2 

2 

1,400,000 

810 

2% 

4y2 

6 

4.0 

211,600 

210 

1% 

2 

2% 

1,600,000 

850 

2% 

4% 

5 

200,000 

200 

1% 

2 

2% 

1,600,000 

890 

2% 

5 

6 

260,000 

235 

1% 

2% 

2% 

1,700,000 

930 

3 

6 

5 

300,000 

270 

1% 

2% 

3 

1,800,000 

970 

3 

6 

6 

350,000 

300 

1% 

2% 

3 

1,900,000 

1,010 

3 

6 

6 

400,000 

330 

1% 

3 

3 

2,000,000 

1,050 

3 

6 

6 

• • 

460,000 

380 

1% 

3 

3 

. . . 

... 

... 

Allowances  have  been  made  in  the  table  for  the  easy  pulling  of  wires  around  three  elbows,  so  that  in  straight, 
snort  runs,  conduit  a size  smaller  may  be  used,  excepting  that  J^-inch  is  the  smallest  size  permitted  by  the  under- 
writers’  rules. 

In  laying  out  a conduit  job,  first  ascertain  the  size  and  number  of  wires  required,  then  take  the  sizes  of  conduit 
from  the  above  table.  One-half  inch  is  usually  used  for  branch  conduits  and  is  the  smallest  size  permitted  by  the 
National  Electric  Code.  In  running  several  conduits  together,  a pull  box  will  be  found  more  economical  than 
elbows  for  making  turns,  as  one  pull  box  will  take  the  place  of  several  elbows. 

Do  not  pull  wires  through  conduits  with  a block  and  tackle,  as  it  will  not  only  injure  the  insulation,  but  wedge 
the  wires  in  such  shape  that  they  cannot  be  removed  readily  if  desired. 

Be  careful  to  ream  out  the  end  when  conduit  is  cut,  as  the  burr  may  otherwise  cut  through  the  insulation. 

Conduits  should  be  securely  fastened  to  walls  and  ceiling  by  use  of  pipe  straps  or  hooks. 

Plug  all  exposed  ends  of  conduit  in  new  buildings  to  prevent  plaster  and  dirt  from  falling  into  it. 


DIMENSIONS,  RESISTANCES  AND  SAFE  CARRYING  CAPACITY  OF  COPPER  WIRES 


B.  AS. 

Diameter  in  Mils. 

Area  in 

Ohms 

Safe  Amperes 

Gauge 

or  Thousandths 

Circular 

Per 

Rubber 

Weather- 

No. 

of  an  Inch 

Mils. 

1,000  Ft. 

Covered 

proof 

1,000 

1,000,000 

.01038 

660 

1,000 

894 

800,000 

.01297 

550 

840 

775 

600,000 

.0173 

450 

680 

707 

500,000 

.02076 

400 

600 

632 

400,000 

.02596 

326 

600 

548 

300,000 

.0346 

275 

400 

0000 

460 

211,600 

.04906 

225 

325 

000 

410 

167,805 

.06186 

175 

276 

00 

365 

133,079 

.07801 

150 

225 

0 

325 

105,592 

.0983 

126 

200 

1 

289 

83,694 

.1240 

100 

160 

2 

258 

66,373 

.1564 

90 

126 

3 

229 

52,633 

.1972 

80 

100 

4 

204 

41,742 

.2487 

70 

90 

6 

182 

33,102 

.3136 

55 

80 

6 

162 

26,260 

.3965 

50 

70 

8 

128 

16,609 

.6288 

36 

60 

10 

102 

10,381 

1. 

26 

30 

12 

81 

6,630 

1.690 

20 

25 

14 

4,107 

2.691 

15 

20 

16 

61 

2,683 

4.019 

6 

10 

18 

40 

1,624 

6.391 

3 

5 

Copyright  1922.  B.  B.  Burling 
.Bruco,  Milwaukee.  Publishers 


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